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# Templates

Jujutsu supports a functional language to customize output of commands. The language consists of literals, keywords, operators, functions, and methods.

A couple of `jj` commands accept a template via `-T`/`--template` option.

## Keywords

Keywords represent objects of different types; the types are described in a follow-up section. In addition to context-specific keywords, the top-level object can be referenced as `self`.

### Commit keywords

In `jj log`/`jj evolog` templates, all 0-argument methods of the `Commit` type are available as keywords. For example, `commit_id` is equivalent to `self.commit_id()`.

### Operation keywords

In `jj op log` templates, all 0-argument methods of the `Operation` type are available as keywords. For example, `current_operation` is equivalent to `self.current_operation()`.

## Operators

The following operators are supported.

- `x.f()`: Method call.
- `-x`: Negate integer value.
- `!x`: Logical not.
- `x >= y`, `x > y`, `x <= y`, `x < y`: Greater than or equal/greater than/ lesser than or equal/lesser than. Operands must be `Integer`s.
- `x == y`, `x != y`: Equal/not equal. Operands must be either `Boolean`, `Integer`, or `String`.
- `x && y`: Logical and, short-circuiting.
- `x || y`: Logical or, short-circuiting.
- `x ++ y`: Concatenate `x` and `y` templates.

(listed in order of binding strengths)

## Global functions

The following functions are defined.

- `fill(width: Integer, content: Template) -> Template`: Fill lines at the given `width`.
- `indent(prefix: Template, content: Template) -> Template`: Indent non-empty lines by the given `prefix`.
- `pad_start(width: Integer, content: Template[, fill_char: Template])`: Pad (or right-justify) content by adding leading fill characters. The `content` shouldn't have newline character.
- `pad_end(width: Integer, content: Template[, fill_char: Template])`: Pad (or left-justify) content by adding trailing fill characters. The `content` shouldn't have newline character.
- `pad_centered(width: Integer, content: Template[, fill_char: Template])`: Pad content by adding both leading and trailing fill characters. If an odd number of fill characters are needed, the trailing fill will be one longer than the leading fill. The `content` shouldn't have newline characters.
- `truncate_start(width: Integer, content: Template)`: Truncate `content` by removing leading characters. The `content` shouldn't have newline character.
- `truncate_end(width: Integer, content: Template)`: Truncate `content` by removing trailing characters. The `content` shouldn't have newline character.
- `label(label: Template, content: Template) -> Template`: Apply label to the content. The `label` is evaluated as a space-separated string.
- `raw_escape_sequence(content: Template) -> Template`: Preserves any escape sequences in `content` (i.e., bypasses sanitization) and strips labels. Note: This function is intended for escape sequences and as such, its output is expected to be invisible / of no display width. Outputting content with nonzero display width may break wrapping, indentation etc.
- `if(condition: Boolean, then: Template[, else: Template]) -> Template`: Conditionally evaluate `then`/`else` template content.
- `coalesce(content: Template...) -> Template`: Returns the first non-empty content.
- `concat(content: Template...) -> Template`: Same as `content_1 ++ ... ++ content_n`.
- `separate(separator: Template, content: Template...) -> Template`: Insert separator between non-empty contents.
- `surround(prefix: Template, suffix: Template, content: Template) -> Template`: Surround non-empty content with texts such as parentheses.
- `config(name: String) -> ConfigValue`: Look up configuration value by `name`.

## Types

### Boolean type

No methods are defined. Can be constructed with `false` or `true` literal.

### Commit type

This type cannot be printed. The following methods are defined.

- `description() -> String`
- `change_id() -> ChangeId`
- `commit_id() -> CommitId`
- `parents() -> List<Commit>`
- `author() -> Signature`
- `committer() -> Signature`
- `signature() -> Option<CryptographicSignature>`
- `mine() -> Boolean`: Commits where the author's email matches the email of the current user.
- `working_copies() -> String`: For multi-workspace repository, indicate working-copy commit as `<workspace name>@`.
- `current_working_copy() -> Boolean`: True for the working-copy commit of the current workspace.
- `bookmarks() -> List<RefName>`: Local and remote bookmarks pointing to the commit. A tracking remote bookmark will be included only if its target is different from the local one.
- `local_bookmarks() -> List<RefName>`: All local bookmarks pointing to the commit.
- `remote_bookmarks() -> List<RefName>`: All remote bookmarks pointing to the commit.
- `tags() -> List<RefName>`
- `git_refs() -> List<RefName>`
- `git_head() -> Boolean`: True for the Git `HEAD` commit.
- `divergent() -> Boolean`: True if the commit's change id corresponds to multiple visible commits.
- `hidden() -> Boolean`: True if the commit is not visible (a.k.a. abandoned).
- `immutable() -> Boolean`: True if the commit is included in the set of immutable commits.
- `contained_in(revset: String) -> Boolean`: True if the commit is included in the provided revset.
- `conflict() -> Boolean`: True if the commit contains merge conflicts.
- `empty() -> Boolean`: True if the commit modifies no files.
- `diff([files: String]) -> TreeDiff`: Changes from the parents within the `files` expression. All files are compared by default, but it is likely to change in future version to respect the command line path arguments.
- `root() -> Boolean`: True if the commit is the root commit.

### CommitId / ChangeId type

The following methods are defined.

- `.normal_hex() -> String`: Normal hex representation (0-9a-f), useful for ChangeId, whose canonical hex representation is "reversed" (z-k).
- `.short([len: Integer]) -> String`
- `.shortest([min_len: Integer]) -> ShortestIdPrefix`: Shortest unique prefix.

### ConfigValue type

This type can be printed in TOML syntax. The following methods are defined.

- `.as_boolean() -> Boolean`: Extract boolean.
- `.as_integer() -> Integer`: Extract integer.
- `.as_string() -> String`: Extract string. This does not convert non-string value (e.g. integer) to string.
- `.as_string_list() -> List<String>`: Extract list of strings.

### CryptographicSignature type

The following methods are defined.

- `.status() -> String`: The signature's status (`"good"`, `"bad"`, `"unknown"`, `"invalid"`).
- `.key() -> String`: The signature's key id representation (for GPG, this is the key fingerprint).
- `.display() -> String`: The signature's display string (for GPG this is the formatted primary user ID).

Warning

Calling any of `.status()`, `.key()`, or `.display()` is slow, as it incurs the performance cost of verifying the signature (for example shelling out to `gpg` or `ssh-keygen`). Though consecutive calls will be faster, because the backend caches the verification result.

Info

As opposed to calling any of `.status()`, `.key()`, or `.display()`, checking for signature presence through boolean coercion is fast:

    if(commit.signature(), "commit has a signature", "commit is unsigned")

### DiffStats type

This type can be printed as a histogram of the changes. The following methods are defined.

- `.total_added() -> Integer`: Total number of insertions.
- `.total_removed() -> Integer`: Total number of deletions.

### Email type

The email field of a signature may or may not look like an email address. It may be empty, may not contain the symbol `@`, and could in principle contain multiple `@`s.

The following methods are defined.

- `.local() -> String`: the part of the email before the first `@`, usually the username.
- `.domain() -> String`: the part of the email after the first `@` or the empty string.

### Integer type

No methods are defined.

### List type

A list can be implicitly converted to `Boolean`. The following methods are defined.

- `.len() -> Integer`: Number of elements in the list.
- `.join(separator: Template) -> Template`: Concatenate elements with the given `separator`.
- `.filter(|item| expression) -> List`: Filter list elements by predicate `expression`. Example: `description.lines().filter(|s| s.contains("#"))`
- `.map(|item| expression) -> ListTemplate`: Apply template `expression` to each element. Example: `parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short())`

### ListTemplate type

The following methods are defined. See also the `List` type.

- `.join(separator: Template) -> Template`

### Operation type

This type cannot be printed. The following methods are defined.

- `current_operation() -> Boolean`
- `description() -> String`
- `id() -> OperationId`
- `tags() -> String`
- `time() -> TimestampRange`
- `user() -> String`
- `snapshot() -> Boolean`: True if the operation is a snapshot operation.
- `root() -> Boolean`: True if the operation is the root operation.

### OperationId type

The following methods are defined.

- `.short([len: Integer]) -> String`

### Option type

An option can be implicitly converted to `Boolean` denoting whether the contained value is set. If set, all methods of the contained value can be invoked. If not set, an error will be reported inline on method call.

### RefName type

The following methods are defined.

- `.name() -> String`: Local bookmark or tag name.
- `.remote() -> String`: Remote name or empty if this is a local ref.
- `.present() -> Boolean`: True if the ref points to any commit.
- `.conflict() -> Boolean`: True if the bookmark or tag is conflicted.
- `.normal_target() -> Option<Commit>`: Target commit if the ref is not conflicted and points to a commit.
- `.removed_targets() -> List<Commit>`: Old target commits if conflicted.
- `.added_targets() -> List<Commit>`: New target commits. The list usually contains one "normal" target.
- `.tracked() -> Boolean`: True if the ref is tracked by a local ref. The local ref might have been deleted (but not pushed yet.)
- `.tracking_present() -> Boolean`: True if the ref is tracked by a local ref, and if the local ref points to any commit.
- `.tracking_ahead_count() -> SizeHint`: Number of commits ahead of the tracking local ref.
- `.tracking_behind_count() -> SizeHint`: Number of commits behind of the tracking local ref.

### RepoPath type

A slash-separated path relative to the repository root. The following methods are defined.

- `.display() -> String`: Format path for display. The formatted path uses platform-native separator, and is relative to the current working directory.
- `.parent() -> Option<RepoPath>`: Parent directory path.

### ShortestIdPrefix type

The following methods are defined.

- `.prefix() -> String`
- `.rest() -> String`
- `.upper() -> ShortestIdPrefix`
- `.lower() -> ShortestIdPrefix`

### Signature type

The following methods are defined.

- `.name() -> String`
- `.email() -> Email`
- `.timestamp() -> Timestamp`

### SizeHint type

This type cannot be printed. The following methods are defined.

- `.lower() -> Integer`: Lower bound.
- `.upper() -> Option<Integer>`: Upper bound if known.
- `.exact() -> Option<Integer>`: Exact value if upper bound is known and it equals to the lower bound.
- `.zero() -> Boolean`: True if upper bound is known and is `0`.

### String type

A string can be implicitly converted to `Boolean`. The following methods are defined.

- `.len() -> Integer`: Length in UTF-8 bytes.
- `.contains(needle: Template) -> Boolean`
- `.first_line() -> String`
- `.lines() -> List<String>`: Split into lines excluding newline characters.
- `.upper() -> String`
- `.lower() -> String`
- `.starts_with(needle: Template) -> Boolean`
- `.ends_with(needle: Template) -> Boolean`
- `.remove_prefix(needle: Template) -> String`: Removes the passed prefix, if present
- `.remove_suffix(needle: Template) -> String`: Removes the passed suffix, if present
- `.substr(start: Integer, end: Integer) -> String`: Extract substring. The `start`/`end` indices should be specified in UTF-8 bytes. Negative values count from the end of the string.

#### String literals

String literals must be surrounded by single or double quotes (`'` or `"`). A double-quoted string literal supports the following escape sequences:

- `\"`: double quote
- `\\`: backslash
- `\t`: horizontal tab
- `\r`: carriage return
- `\n`: new line
- `\0`: null
- `\e`: escape (i.e., `\x1b`)
- `\xHH`: byte with hex value `HH`

Other escape sequences are not supported. Any UTF-8 characters are allowed inside a string literal, with two exceptions: unescaped `"`-s and uses of `\` that don't form a valid escape sequence.

A single-quoted string literal has no escape syntax. `'` can't be expressed inside a single-quoted string literal.

### Template type

Most types can be implicitly converted to `Template`. No methods are defined.

### Timestamp type

The following methods are defined.

- `.ago() -> String`: Format as relative timestamp.
- `.format(format: String) -> String`: Format with the specified strftime-like format string.
- `.utc() -> Timestamp`: Convert timestamp into UTC timezone.
- `.local() -> Timestamp`: Convert timestamp into local timezone.
- `.after(date: String) -> Boolean`: True if the timestamp is exactly at or after the given date.
- `.before(date: String) -> Boolean`: True if the timestamp is before, but not including, the given date.

### TimestampRange type

The following methods are defined.

- `.start() -> Timestamp`
- `.end() -> Timestamp`
- `.duration() -> String`

### TreeDiff type

This type cannot be printed. The following methods are defined.

- `.files() -> List<TreeDiffEntry>`: Changed files.
- `.color_words([context: Integer]) -> Template`: Format as a word-level diff with changes indicated only by color.
- `.git([context: Integer]) -> Template`: Format as a Git diff.
- `.stat([width: Integer]) -> DiffStats`: Calculate stats of changed lines.
- `.summary() -> Template`: Format as a list of status code and path pairs.

### TreeDiffEntry type

This type cannot be printed. The following methods are defined.

- `.path() -> RepoPath`: Path to the entry. If the entry is a copy/rename, this points to the target (or right) entry.
- `.status() -> String`: One of `"modified"`, `"added"`, `"removed"`, `"copied"`, or `"renamed"`.
- `.source() -> TreeEntry`: The source (or left) entry.
- `.target() -> TreeEntry`: The target (or right) entry.

### TreeEntry type

This type cannot be printed. The following methods are defined.

- `.path() -> RepoPath`: Path to the entry.
- `.conflict() -> Boolean`: True if the entry is a merge conflict.
- `.file_type() -> String`: One of `"file"`, `"symlink"`, `"tree"`, `"git-submodule"`, or `"conflict"`.
- `.executable() -> Boolean`: True if the entry is an executable file.

## Configuration

The default templates and aliases() are defined in the `[templates]` and `[template-aliases]` sections of the config respectively. The exact definitions can be seen in the `cli/src/config/templates.toml` file in jj's source tree.

New keywords and functions can be defined as aliases, by using any combination of the predefined keywords/functions and other aliases.

Alias functions can be overloaded by the number of parameters. However, builtin functions will be shadowed by name, and can't co-exist with aliases.

For example:

    [template-aliases]
    'commit_change_ids' = '''
    concat(
      format_field("Commit ID", commit_id),
      format_field("Change ID", change_id),
    )
    '''
    'format_field(key, value)' = 'key ++ ": " ++ value ++ "\n"'

## Examples

Get short commit IDs of the working-copy parents:

    jj log --no-graph -r @ -T 'parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(",")'

Show machine-readable list of full commit and change IDs:

    jj log --no-graph -T 'commit_id ++ " " ++ change_id ++ "\n"'