Class: UUIDTools::UUID

### Home Classes Methods

### In Files

- lib/uuidtools.rb

### Parent

Object

### Methods

- ::convert_byte_string_to_int
- ::convert_int_to_byte_string
- ::create_from_hash
- ::first_mac
- ::ifconfig
- ::ifconfig_path
- ::ip_path
- ::mac_address
- ::mac_address=
- ::md5_create
- ::new
- ::os_class
- ::parse
- ::parse_hexdigest
- ::parse_int
- ::parse_raw
- ::random_create
- ::sha1_create
- ::timestamp_create
- #<=>
- #eql?
- #generate_hash
- #generate_hexdigest
- #generate_i
- #generate_raw
- #generate_s
- #hash
- #hexdigest
- #inspect
- #mac_address
- #nil_uuid?
- #random_node_id?
- #raw
- #timestamp
- #to_i
- #to_s
- #to_str
- #to_uri
- #valid?
- #variant
- #version

### Included Modules

- Comparable

### Class/Module Index

Quicksearch

- UUIDTools
- UUIDTools::UUID
- SecureRandom

No matching classes.

# UUIDTools::UUID

UUIDTools was designed to be a simple library for generating any of the various types of UUIDs. It conforms to RFC 4122 whenever possible.

@example

    UUID.md5_create(UUID_DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
    # => #<UUID:0x287576 UUID:3d813cbb-47fb-32ba-91df-831e1593ac29>
    UUID.sha1_create(UUID_DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
    # => #<UUID:0x2a0116 UUID:21f7f8de-8051-5b89-8680-0195ef798b6a>
    UUID.timestamp_create
    # => #<UUID:0x2adfdc UUID:64a5189c-25b3-11da-a97b-00c04fd430c8>
    UUID.random_create
    # => #<UUID:0x19013a UUID:984265dc-4200-4f02-ae70-fe4f48964159>

### Attributes

ifconfig_command[RW]
ifconfig_path_default[RW]
ip_command[RW]
ip_path_default[RW]
clock_seq_hi_and_reserved[RW]

Returns the value of attribute `clock_seq_hi_and_reserved`

clock_seq_low[RW]

Returns the value of attribute `clock_seq_low`

nodes[RW]

Returns the value of attribute `nodes`

time_hi_and_version[RW]

Returns the value of attribute `time_hi_and_version`

time_low[RW]

Returns the value of attribute `time_low`

time_mid[RW]

Returns the value of attribute `time_mid`

### Public Class Methods

convert_byte_string_to_int(byte_string) click to toggle source

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 705
    def self.convert_byte_string_to_int(byte_string)
      if byte_string.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
        byte_string.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
      end
      integer = 0
      size = byte_string.size
      for i in 0..(size - 1)
        ordinal = (byte_string[i].respond_to?(:ord) ?
          byte_string[i].ord : byte_string[i])
        integer += (ordinal << (((size - 1) - i) * 8))
      end
      return integer
    end

convert_int_to_byte_string(integer, size) click to toggle source

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 692
    def self.convert_int_to_byte_string(integer, size)
      byte_string = ""
      if byte_string.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
        byte_string.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
      end
      for i in 0..(size - 1)
        byte_string << ((integer >> (((size - 1) - i) * 8)) & 0xFF)
      end
      return byte_string
    end

create_from_hash(hash_class, namespace, name) click to toggle source

Creates a new UUID from a SHA1 or MD5 hash

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 667
    def self.create_from_hash(hash_class, namespace, name)
      if hash_class == Digest::MD5
        version = 3
      elsif hash_class == Digest::SHA1
        version = 5
      else
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected Digest::SHA1 or Digest::MD5, got #{hash_class.name}."
      end
      hash = hash_class.new
      hash.update(namespace.raw)
      hash.update(name)
      hash_string = hash.to_s[0..31]
      new_uuid = self.parse("#{hash_string[0..7]}-#{hash_string[8..11]}-" +
        "#{hash_string[12..15]}-#{hash_string[16..19]}-#{hash_string[20..31]}")

      new_uuid.time_hi_and_version &= 0x0FFF
      new_uuid.time_hi_and_version |= (version << 12)
      new_uuid.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved &= 0x3F
      new_uuid.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved |= 0x80
      return new_uuid
    end

first_mac(instring) click to toggle source

Match and return the first Mac address found

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 591
    def self.first_mac(instring)
      mac_regexps = [
        Regexp.new("address:? (#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{2}"] * 6).join(":")})"),
        Regexp.new("addr:? (#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{2}"] * 6).join(":")})"),
        Regexp.new("ether:? (#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{1,2}"] * 6).join(":")})"),
        Regexp.new("HWaddr:? (#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{2}"] * 6).join(":")})"),
        Regexp.new("link/ether? (#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{2}"] * 6).join(":")})"),
        Regexp.new("(#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{2}"] * 6).join(":")})"),
        Regexp.new("(#{(["[0-9a-fA-F]{2}"] * 6).join("-")})")
      ]
      parse_mac = lambda do |output|
        (mac_regexps.map do |regexp|
           result = output[regexp, 1]
           result.downcase.gsub(/-/, ":") if result != nil
        end).compact.first
      end

      mac = parse_mac.call(instring)
      # expand octets that were compressed (solaris)
      mac.split(':').map { |c| (c.length == 1 ? "0#{c}" : c)}.join(':')

    end

ifconfig(all=nil) click to toggle source

Call the ifconfig or ip command that is found

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 575
    def self.ifconfig(all=nil)
      # find the path of the ifconfig command
      ifconfig_path = UUID.ifconfig_path

      # if it does not exist, try the ip command
      if ifconfig_path == nil
        ifconfig_path = UUID.ip_path
        # all makes no sense when using ip(1)
        all = nil
      end

      all_switch = all == nil ? "" : "-a"
      return `#{ifconfig_path} #{all_switch}` if not ifconfig_path == nil
    end

ifconfig_path() click to toggle source

Find the path of the ifconfig(8) command if it is present

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 557
    def self.ifconfig_path
      path = `which #{UUID.ifconfig_command} 2>/dev/null`.strip
      path = UUID.ifconfig_path_default if (path == "" && File.exist?(UUID.ifconfig_path_default))
      return (path === "" ? nil : path)
    end

ip_path() click to toggle source

Find the path of the ip(8) command if it is present

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 566
    def self.ip_path
      path = `which #{UUID.ip_command} 2>/dev/null`.strip
      path = UUID.ip_path_default if (path == "" && File.exist?(UUID.ip_path_default))
      return (path === "" ? nil : path)
    end

mac_address() click to toggle source

Returns the MAC address of the current computer's network card. Returns nil if a MAC address could not be found.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 617
    def self.mac_address
      if !defined?(@@mac_address)
        require 'rbconfig'

        os_class = UUID.os_class

        if os_class == :windows
          begin
            @@mac_address = UUID.first_mac `ipconfig /all`
          rescue
          end
        else # linux, bsd, macos, solaris
          @@mac_address = UUID.first_mac(UUID.ifconfig(:all))
        end

        if @@mac_address != nil
          if @@mac_address.respond_to?(:to_str)
            @@mac_address = @@mac_address.to_str
          else
            @@mac_address = @@mac_address.to_s
          end
          @@mac_address.downcase!
          @@mac_address.strip!
        end

        # Verify that the MAC address is in the right format.
        # Nil it out if it isn't.
        unless @@mac_address.respond_to?(:scan) &&
            @@mac_address.scan(/#{(["[0-9a-f]{2}"] * 6).join(":")}/)
          @@mac_address = nil
        end
      end
      return @@mac_address
    end

mac_address=(new_mac_address) click to toggle source

Allows users to set the MAC address manually in cases where the MAC address cannot be obtained programatically.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 655
    def self.mac_address=(new_mac_address)
      @@mac_address = new_mac_address
    end

md5_create(namespace, name) click to toggle source

Creates a UUID using the MD5 hash. (Version 3)

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 290
    def self.md5_create(namespace, name)
      return self.create_from_hash(Digest::MD5, namespace, name)
    end

new(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_and_version, clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, clock_seq_low, nodes) click to toggle source

Creates a new UUID structure from its component values. @see UUID.md5_create @see UUID.sha1_create @see UUID.timestamp_create @see UUID.random_create @api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 79
    def initialize(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_and_version,
        clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, clock_seq_low, nodes)
      unless time_low >= 0 && time_low < 4294967296
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected unsigned 32-bit number for time_low, got #{time_low}."
      end
      unless time_mid >= 0 && time_mid < 65536
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected unsigned 16-bit number for time_mid, got #{time_mid}."
      end
      unless time_hi_and_version >= 0 && time_hi_and_version < 65536
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected unsigned 16-bit number for time_hi_and_version, " +
          "got #{time_hi_and_version}."
      end
      unless clock_seq_hi_and_reserved >= 0 && clock_seq_hi_and_reserved < 256
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected unsigned 8-bit number for clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, " +
          "got #{clock_seq_hi_and_reserved}."
      end
      unless clock_seq_low >= 0 && clock_seq_low < 256
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected unsigned 8-bit number for clock_seq_low, " +
          "got #{clock_seq_low}."
      end
      unless nodes.kind_of?(Enumerable)
        raise TypeError,
          "Expected Enumerable, got #{nodes.class.name}."
      end
      unless nodes.size == 6
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected nodes to have size of 6."
      end
      for node in nodes
        unless node >= 0 && node < 256
          raise ArgumentError,
            "Expected unsigned 8-bit number for each node, " +
            "got #{node}."
        end
      end
      @time_low = time_low
      @time_mid = time_mid
      @time_hi_and_version = time_hi_and_version
      @clock_seq_hi_and_reserved = clock_seq_hi_and_reserved
      @clock_seq_low = clock_seq_low
      @nodes = nodes
    end

os_class() click to toggle source

Determine what OS we're running on. Helps decide how to find the MAC

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 527
    def self.os_class
      require 'rbconfig'
      os_platform = RbConfig::CONFIG['target_os']
      os_class = nil
      if (os_platform =~ /win/ && !(os_platform =~ /darwin/)) ||
          os_platform =~ /w32/
        os_class = :windows
      elsif os_platform =~ /solaris/
        os_class = :solaris
      elsif os_platform =~ /netbsd/
        os_class = :netbsd
      elsif os_platform =~ /openbsd/
        os_class = :openbsd
      end
    end

parse(uuid_string) click to toggle source

Parses a UUID from a string.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 153
    def self.parse(uuid_string)
      unless uuid_string.kind_of? String
        raise TypeError,
          "Expected String, got #{uuid_string.class.name} instead."
      end
      uuid_components = uuid_string.downcase.scan(
        Regexp.new("^([0-9a-f]{8})-([0-9a-f]{4})-([0-9a-f]{4})-" +
          "([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})-([0-9a-f]{12})$")).first
      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid UUID format." if uuid_components.nil?
      time_low = uuid_components[0].to_i(16)
      time_mid = uuid_components[1].to_i(16)
      time_hi_and_version = uuid_components[2].to_i(16)
      clock_seq_hi_and_reserved = uuid_components[3].to_i(16)
      clock_seq_low = uuid_components[4].to_i(16)
      nodes = []
      for i in 0..5
        nodes << uuid_components[5][(i * 2)..(i * 2) + 1].to_i(16)
      end
      return self.new(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_and_version,
        clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, clock_seq_low, nodes)
    end

parse_hexdigest(uuid_hexdigest) click to toggle source

Parse a UUID from a hexdigest String.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 209
    def self.parse_hexdigest(uuid_hexdigest)
      unless uuid_hexdigest.kind_of?(String)
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected String, got #{uuid_hexdigest.class.name} instead."
      end
      return self.parse_int(uuid_hexdigest.to_i(16))
    end

parse_int(uuid_int) click to toggle source

Parses a UUID from an Integer.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 199
    def self.parse_int(uuid_int)
      unless uuid_int.kind_of?(Integer)
        raise ArgumentError,
          "Expected Integer, got #{uuid_int.class.name} instead."
      end
      return self.parse_raw(self.convert_int_to_byte_string(uuid_int, 16))
    end

parse_raw(raw_string) click to toggle source

Parses a UUID from a raw byte string.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 177
    def self.parse_raw(raw_string)
      unless raw_string.kind_of? String
        raise TypeError,
          "Expected String, got #{raw_string.class.name} instead."
      end
      integer = self.convert_byte_string_to_int(raw_string)

      time_low = (integer >> 96) & 0xFFFFFFFF
      time_mid = (integer >> 80) & 0xFFFF
      time_hi_and_version = (integer >> 64) & 0xFFFF
      clock_seq_hi_and_reserved = (integer >> 56) & 0xFF
      clock_seq_low = (integer >> 48) & 0xFF
      nodes = []
      for i in 0..5
        nodes << ((integer >> (40 - (i * 8))) & 0xFF)
      end
      return self.new(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_and_version,
        clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, clock_seq_low, nodes)
    end

random_create() click to toggle source

Creates a UUID from a random value.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 219
    def self.random_create()
      new_uuid = self.parse_raw(SecureRandom.random_bytes(16))
      new_uuid.time_hi_and_version &= 0x0FFF
      new_uuid.time_hi_and_version |= (4 << 12)
      new_uuid.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved &= 0x3F
      new_uuid.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved |= 0x80
      return new_uuid
    end

sha1_create(namespace, name) click to toggle source

Creates a UUID using the SHA1 hash. (Version 5)

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 296
    def self.sha1_create(namespace, name)
      return self.create_from_hash(Digest::SHA1, namespace, name)
    end

timestamp_create(timestamp=nil) click to toggle source

Creates a UUID from a timestamp.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 230
    def self.timestamp_create(timestamp=nil)
      # We need a lock here to prevent two threads from ever
      # getting the same timestamp.
      @@mutex.synchronize do
        # Always use GMT to generate UUIDs.
        if timestamp.nil?
          gmt_timestamp = Time.now.gmtime
        else
          gmt_timestamp = timestamp.gmtime
        end
        # Convert to 100 nanosecond blocks
        gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds = (gmt_timestamp.tv_sec * 10000000) +
          (gmt_timestamp.tv_usec * 10) + 0x01B21DD213814000
        mac_address = self.mac_address
        node_id = 0
        if mac_address != nil
          nodes = mac_address.split(":").collect do |octet|
            octet.to_i(16)
          end
        else
          nodes = SecureRandom.random_bytes(6).unpack("C*")
          nodes[0] |= 0b00000001
        end
        for i in 0..5
          node_id += (nodes[i] << (40 - (i * 8)))
        end
        clock_sequence = @@last_clock_sequence
        if clock_sequence.nil?
          clock_sequence = self.convert_byte_string_to_int(
            SecureRandom.random_bytes(16)
          )
        end
        if @@last_node_id != nil && @@last_node_id != node_id
          # The node id has changed.  Change the clock id.
          clock_sequence = self.convert_byte_string_to_int(
            SecureRandom.random_bytes(16)
          )
        elsif @@last_timestamp != nil &&
            gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds <= @@last_timestamp
          clock_sequence = clock_sequence + 1
        end
        @@last_timestamp = gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds
        @@last_node_id = node_id
        @@last_clock_sequence = clock_sequence

        time_low = gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds & 0xFFFFFFFF
        time_mid = ((gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds >> 32) & 0xFFFF)
        time_hi_and_version = ((gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds >> 48) & 0x0FFF)
        time_hi_and_version |= (1 << 12)
        clock_seq_low = clock_sequence & 0xFF;
        clock_seq_hi_and_reserved = (clock_sequence & 0x3F00) >> 8
        clock_seq_hi_and_reserved |= 0x80

        return self.new(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_and_version,
          clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, clock_seq_low, nodes)
      end
    end

### Public Instance Methods

<=>(other_uuid) click to toggle source

Compares two UUIDs lexically

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 396
    def <=>(other_uuid)
      check = self.time_low <=> other_uuid.time_low
      return check if check != 0
      check = self.time_mid <=> other_uuid.time_mid
      return check if check != 0
      check = self.time_hi_and_version <=> other_uuid.time_hi_and_version
      return check if check != 0
      check = self.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved <=>
        other_uuid.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved
      return check if check != 0
      check = self.clock_seq_low <=> other_uuid.clock_seq_low
      return check if check != 0
      for i in 0..5
        if (self.nodes[i] < other_uuid.nodes[i])
          return -1
        end
        if (self.nodes[i] > other_uuid.nodes[i])
          return 1
        end
      end
      return 0
    end

eql?(other) click to toggle source

Returns true if this UUID is exactly equal to the other UUID.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 520
    def eql?(other)
      return self == other
    end

hash() click to toggle source

Returns an integer hash value.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 460
    def hash
      self.frozen? ? generate_hash : (@hash ||= generate_hash)
    end

hexdigest() click to toggle source

Returns the hex digest of the UUID object.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 427
    def hexdigest
      (self.frozen? ?
        generate_hexdigest : (@hexdigest ||= generate_hexdigest)
      ).dup
    end

inspect() click to toggle source

Returns a representation of the object's state

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 421
    def inspect
      return "#<UUID:0x#{self.object_id.to_s(16)} UUID:#{self.to_s}>"
    end

mac_address() click to toggle source

Returns the IEEE 802 address used to generate this UUID or nil if a MAC address was not used.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 373
    def mac_address
      return nil if self.version != 1
      return nil if self.random_node_id?
      return (self.nodes.collect do |node|
        sprintf("%2.2x", node)
      end).join(":")
    end

nil_uuid?() click to toggle source

Returns true if this UUID is the nil UUID (00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000).

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 315
    def nil_uuid?
      return false if self.time_low != 0
      return false if self.time_mid != 0
      return false if self.time_hi_and_version != 0
      return false if self.clock_seq_hi_and_reserved != 0
      return false if self.clock_seq_low != 0
      self.nodes.each do |node|
        return false if node != 0
      end
      return true
    end

random_node_id?() click to toggle source

This method applies only to version 1 UUIDs. Checks if the node ID was generated from a random number or from an IEEE 802 address (MAC address). Always returns false for UUIDs that aren't version 1. This should not be confused with version 4 UUIDs where more than just the node id is random.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 307
    def random_node_id?
      return false if self.version != 1
      return ((self.nodes.first & 0x01) == 1)
    end

raw() click to toggle source

Returns the raw bytes that represent this UUID.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 435
    def raw
      (self.frozen? ? generate_raw : (@raw ||= generate_raw)).dup
    end

timestamp() click to toggle source

Returns the timestamp used to generate this UUID

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 383
    def timestamp
      return nil if self.version != 1
      gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds = 0
      gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds +=
        ((self.time_hi_and_version  & 0x0FFF) << 48)
      gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds += (self.time_mid << 32)
      gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds += self.time_low
      return Time.at(
        (gmt_timestamp_100_nanoseconds - 0x01B21DD213814000) / 10000000.0)
    end

to_i() click to toggle source

Returns an integer representation for this UUID.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 448
    def to_i
      self.frozen? ? generate_i : (@integer ||= generate_i)
    end

to_s() click to toggle source

Returns a string representation for this UUID.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 441
    def to_s
      (self.frozen? ? generate_s : (@string ||= generate_s)).dup
    end

Also aliased as: to_str
to_str() click to toggle source
Alias for: to_s
to_uri() click to toggle source

Returns a URI string for this UUID.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 454
    def to_uri
      return "urn:uuid:#{self.to_s}"
    end

valid?() click to toggle source

Returns true if this UUID is valid.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 361
    def valid?
      if [0b000, 0b100, 0b110, 0b111].include?(self.variant) &&
        (1..5).include?(self.version)
        return true
      else
        return false
      end
    end

variant() click to toggle source

Returns the UUID variant. Possible values: 0b000 - Reserved, NCS backward compatibility. 0b100 - The variant specified in this document. 0b110 - Reserved, Microsoft Corporation backward compatibility. 0b111 - Reserved for future definition.

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 346
    def variant
      variant_raw = (clock_seq_hi_and_reserved >> 5)
      result = nil
      if (variant_raw >> 2) == 0
        result = 0x000
      elsif (variant_raw >> 1) == 2
        result = 0x100
      else
        result = variant_raw
      end
      return (result >> 6)
    end

version() click to toggle source

Returns the UUID version type. Possible values: 1 - Time-based with unique or random host identifier 2 - DCE Security version (with POSIX UIDs) 3 - Name-based (MD5 hash) 4 - Random 5 - Name-based (SHA-1 hash)

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 335
    def version
      return (time_hi_and_version >> 12)
    end

### Protected Instance Methods

generate_hash() click to toggle source

Generates an integer hash value.

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 476
    def generate_hash
      return self.to_i % 0x3fffffff
    end

generate_hexdigest() click to toggle source

Generates the hex digest of the UUID object.

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 469
    def generate_hexdigest
      return self.to_i.to_s(16).rjust(32, "0")
    end

generate_i() click to toggle source

Generates an integer representation for this UUID.

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 484
    def generate_i
      return (begin
        bytes = (time_low << 96) + (time_mid << 80) +
          (time_hi_and_version << 64) + (clock_seq_hi_and_reserved << 56) +
          (clock_seq_low << 48)
        for i in 0..5
          bytes += (nodes[i] << (40 - (i * 8)))
        end
        bytes
      end)
    end

generate_raw() click to toggle source

Generates the raw bytes that represent this UUID.

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 513
    def generate_raw
      return self.class.convert_int_to_byte_string(self.to_i, 16)
    end

generate_s() click to toggle source

Generates a string representation for this UUID.

@api private

    # File lib/uuidtools.rb, line 500
    def generate_s
      result = sprintf("%8.8x-%4.4x-%4.4x-%2.2x%2.2x-", @time_low, @time_mid,
        @time_hi_and_version, @clock_seq_hi_and_reserved, @clock_seq_low);
      for i in 0..5
        result << sprintf("%2.2x", @nodes[i])
      end
      return result.downcase
    end

[Validate]

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