# An Introduction to the Service Location Protocol (SLP)

## Whitepaper

Original Draft: Caldera Systems, Inc
Final Revision: Novell, Inc

### What Is Service Location Protocol?

The Service Location Protocol (SLP) was originally an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards track protocol that provides a framework to allow networking applications to discover the existence, location, and configuration of networked services in enterprise networks. Traditionally, in order to locate services on the network, users of network applications have been required to supply the host name or network address of the machine that provides a desired service. Ensuring that users and applications are supplied with the correct information has, in many cases, become an administrative nightmare.

Protocols that support service location are often taken for granted, mostly because they are already included (without fanfare) in many network operating systems. For example, without Microsoft's SMB service location facilities, "Network Neighborhood" could not discover services available for use on the network and Novell NetWare would be unable to locate eDirectory trees. Nevertheless, an IETF sponsored protocol for service location was not standardized until the advent of SLP. Because it is not tied to a proprietary technology, SLP provides a service location solution that could become extremely important (especially on Unix) platforms.

### About this Document

Like all IETF standards, SLP is described in great detail by documents called Request For Comments (RFC's). IETF RFCs are usually lengthy, very detailed, and written using precise language and notations. This whitepaper, on the other hand, was written to give a general overview of SLP. This document will, by nature, omit important details that would be interesting to the more technical reader. For these details, the reader is referred the following RFCs:

> RFC 2165 - Service Location Protocol, Version 1
> RFC 2608 - Service Location Protocol, Version 2
> RFC 2609 - Service Templates and Service Schemes
> RFC 2614 - An API for Service Location Protocol

### SLP for Users and Administrators

SLP can eliminate the need for users to know the names of network hosts. With SLP, the user only needs to know the description of the service he is interested in. Based on this description, SLP is then able to return the URL of the desired service.

Consider the following example of a new employee setting up his workstation to use one of the department printers. Here's a dialog between this new employee (Newbie), and his coworker (Stan), who's been around for a while:

> Traditional
> Newbie: "Hey Stan, the setup program is asking me for the name of our printer. What should I type in?"
> Stan: "Which printer do you want?"
> Newbie: "The big one by the copier."
> Stan: "I've heard it doesn't work well with postscript applications. You'll have to use the one down the hall."
> Newbie: "Ok. What should I type in."
> Stan: "Actually, I don't know; I use the one by the copier. You'll probably have to call the IS help desk."
> Newbie: <groan> ...

> With SLP
> A setup program uses SLP to display to the user the description (including location) of the printers that work with postscript. The user selects one that is close to his office. The SLP service returns all necessary addressing information directly to his device setup application.

### SLP for Software Developers

In many cases, SLP can eliminate the need for software applications to prompt users for host names, or to read host names from configuration files.

Consider the following example of a software engineer who is writing an LDAP-enabled application.

> Traditional
> Currently, the only way to know the hostname of the LDAP server to use in the call to ldap_init() is to read it from a configuration file. The configuration file must be created at install time and updated as the location of the LDAP server changes. Keeping this configuration file up to date becomes a real problem, especially when the LDAP application is installed on a laptop that connects to various networks.

> With SLP
> The developer uses SLP to obtain the host names and attributes of LDAP servers that are displayed to the user at install time, and again if the user desires to connect to a different LDAP server.

As illustrated in the example above, SLP does not always eliminate the need to prompt users for information. However, it does allow the software developer to present a descriptive list of services that can be understood by the user.

### Agents

In order to understand the rest of this document (as well as all other SLP documentation), you will need to know about SLP agents. In SLP an agent is a software entity that processes SLP protocol messages. There are three types of SLP agents:

> User Agent (UA)
> The SLP User Agent is a software entity that is looking for the location of one or more services. Usually implemented (at least partially), as a library to which client applications link, it provides client applications with a simple interface for accessing SLP registered service information.

> Service Agent (SA)
> The SLP Service Agent is a software entity that advertises the location of one or more services. SLP advertisement is designed to be both scalable and effective, minimizing the use of network bandwidth through the use of targeted multi-cast messages, and uni-cast responses to queries.

> Directory Agent(DA)
> The SLP Directory Agent is a software entity that acts as a centralized repository for service location information. Both Service Agents and User Agents make it a priority to discover available Directory Agents, as using a Directory Agent minimizes the amount of multi-cast messages sent by the protocol on the network.

### Messages

In order to be able to provide a "framework" for service location, SLP agents communicate with each other using eleven (11) different types of messages. The dialog between agents is usually limited to very simple exchanges of request and reply messages.

> Service Request (SrvRqst)
> Message sent by UA's to SA's and DA's to request the location of a service.

> Service Reply (SrvRply)
> Message sent by SA's and DA's in response to a SrvRqst message. The SrvRply contains the URL of the requested service.

> Service Registration (SrvReg)
> Message sent by SA's to DA's containing information about a service that is available.

> Service Deregister (SrvDeReg)
> Message sent by SA's to inform DA's that a service is no longer available.

> Service Acknowledge (SrvAck)
> A generic acknowledgment that is sent by DA's to SA's in response to SrvReg and SrvDeReg messages.

> Attribute Request (AttrRqst)
> Message sent by UA's to request the attributes of a service.

> Attribute Reply (AttrRply)
> Message sent by SA's and DA's in response to a AttrRqst. The AttrRply contains the list of attributes that were requested.

> Service Type Request (SrvTypeRqst)
> Message sent by UA's to SA's and DA's requesting the types of services that are available.

> Service Type Reply (SrvTypeRply)
> Message by SA's and DA's in response to a SrvTypeRqst. The SrvTypeRply contains a list of requested service types.

> DA Advertisement (DAAdvert)
> Message sent by DA's to let SA's and UA's know where they are.

> SA Advertisement (SAAdvert)
> Message sent by SA's to let UA's know where they are.

### Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast

SLP is a unicast and multicast protocol. This means that the messages described in the previous section can be sent to one agent at a time (unicast) or to all agents (that are listening) at the same time (multicast). A multicast is not a broadcast. In theory, broadcast messages are "heard" by every node on the network. Multicast differs from broadcast because multicast messages are only "heard" by the nodes on the network that have "joined the multicast group" - by definition, those that are interested in the information.

For obvious reasons, network routers filter almost all broadcast traffic. This means that broadcasts that are generated on one subnet will not be forwarded, or "routed" to any of the other subnets connected to the router (from the router's perspective, a subnet is all machines connected to one of its ports). Multicast messages, on the other hand, are forwarded by routers. Multicast traffic from a given group is forwarded by routers to all subnets that have at least one machine that is interested in receiving the multicast for that group.

### Agent Dialog Examples

Agent Initialization

Service Registration

Service Request/Reply

### SLP Application Programmer's Interface

One of the most important parts of the SLP specification is the standard Application Programmer's Interface (API). The SLP API is a library interface that allows programmers to use SLP in their applications to locate services. Without the API, SLP would be little more than a specification. With the API, developers can add easily add SLP based features to their programs. The SLP API provides applications with the same sort of interface to service information that the LDAP client API provides to LDAP enabled applications.

The following is a list of the major SLP API function calls (more information can be found in the OpenSLP Programmer's Guide or RFC 2614):

> SLPReg()
> Registers a service URL and service attributes with SLP.

> SLPDeReg()
> Deregisters a previously registered service.

> SLPFindSrvs()
> Finds services based on service type or attributes.

> SLPFindAttrs()
> Obtains a list of attributes for services registered with SLP.

> SLPFindSrvTypes()
> Obtains a list of the types of services that have been registered with SLP.

### Additional Information

Technical readers probably have additional questions that are beyond the scope of this document.

Security
SLPv2 has been designed to be a secure protocol. When properly implemented, SLPv2 can ensure integrity and authenticity of data being transmitted between SLP agents. See RFC 2608, section 9.2 for more information.

Scalability
SLPv2 was designed to be a scalable solution for enterprise service location. It is not intended to be a solution for the global Internet. However, as an enterprise solution, SLP can be configured to use "scopes" (see RFC 2608 section 11) and SLP Directory Agents in ways that should allow it to scale well in very larger networks. More concrete evidence of SLPv2 scalability will become available when SLP is more widely used.

Implementations
The following is a list of known SLP implementations:

> OpenSLP
> An OpenSource project that aims to provide a full SLPv2 implementation

> Sun Microsystems
> Offers a "reference implementation" of SLPv2 that is available under the Sun Community License

> Novell NetWare
> SLPv2 is implemented by Novell NetWare servers in NetWare versions 5 through 7.

> Axis Communications
> Uses SLP in its thin server products