JSON::Parse(3)

NAME
JSON::Parse - Read JSON into a Perl variable

SYNOPSIS
    use JSON::Parse 'parse_json';
    my $json = '["golden", "fleece"]';
    my $perl = parse_json ($json);
    # Same effect as $perl = ['golden', 'fleece'];

Convert JSON into Perl.

VERSION
This documents version 0.57 of JSON::Parse corresponding to git commit 42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152 <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/commit/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152> released on Thu Jul 9 07:16:33 2020 +0900.

DESCRIPTION
A module for parsing JSON. (JSON means "JavaScript Object Notation" and it is specified in "RFC 7159".)

JSON::Parse offers the function "parse_json", which takes a string containing JSON, and returns an equivalent Perl structure. It also offers validation of JSON via "valid_json", which returns true or false depending on whether the JSON is correct or not, and "assert_valid_json", which produces a descriptive fatal error if the JSON is invalid. A function "json_file_to_perl" reads JSON from a file, and there is a safer version of "parse_json" called "parse_json_safe" which doesn't throw exceptions.

For special cases of parsing, there are also methods "new" and "run", which create a JSON parsing object and run it on text. See "METHODS".

JSON::Parse accepts only UTF-8 as input. See "UTF-8 only" and "Handling of Unicode".

FUNCTIONS

  parse_json
    use JSON::Parse 'parse_json';
    my $perl = parse_json ('{"x":1, "y":2}');

This function converts JSON into a Perl structure, either an array reference, a hash reference, or a scalar.

If the first argument does not contain a complete valid JSON text, is the undefined value, an empty string, or a string containing only whitespace "parse_json" throws a fatal error ("dies").

If the argument contains valid JSON, the return value is either a hash reference, an array reference, or a scalar. If the input JSON text is a serialized object, a hash reference is returned:

    use JSON::Parse ':all';
    my $perl = parse_json ('{"a":1, "b":2}');
    print ref $perl, "\n";

produces output

    HASH

(This example is included as hash.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/hash.pl> in the distribution.)

If the input JSON text is a serialized array, an array reference is returned:

    use JSON::Parse ':all';
    my $perl = parse_json ('["a", "b", "c"]');
    print ref $perl, "\n";

produces output

    ARRAY

(This example is included as array.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/array.pl> in the distribution.)

Otherwise a Perl scalar is returned.

The behaviour of allowing a scalar was added in version 0.32 of this module. This brings it into line with the new specification for JSON. The behaviour of disallowing empty inputs was changed in version 0.49. This makes it conform to the "JSON Parsing Test Suite".

The function "parse_json_safe" offers a version of this function with various safety features enabled.

  json_file_to_perl
    use JSON::Parse 'json_file_to_perl';
    my $p = json_file_to_perl ('filename');

This is exactly the same as "parse_json" except that it reads the JSON from the specified file rather than a scalar. The file must be in the UTF-8 encoding, and is opened as a character file using ":encoding(UTF-8)" (see PerlIO::encoding and perluniintro for details). The output is marked as character strings.

This is a convenience function written in Perl. You may prefer to read the file yourself using another module if you need faster performance.

  valid_json
    use JSON::Parse 'valid_json';
    if (valid_json ($json)) {
        # do something
    }

"valid_json" returns 1 if its argument is valid JSON and 0 if not. It runs several times faster than "parse_json". This gain in speed is obtained because it discards the input data after reading it, rather than storing it into Perl variables.

This does not supply the actual errors which caused invalidity. Use "assert_valid_json" to get error messages when the JSON is invalid.

This cannot detect key collisions in the JSON since it does not store values. See "Key collisions" for more on this module's handling of non-unique names in the JSON.

  assert_valid_json
    use JSON::Parse 'assert_valid_json';
    eval {
        assert_valid_json ('["xyz":"b"]');
    };
    if ($@) {
        print "Your JSON was invalid: $@\n";
    }
    # Prints "Unexpected character ':' parsing array"

produces output

    Your JSON was invalid: JSON error at line 1, byte 7/11: Unexpected character ':' parsing array starting from byte 1: expecting whitespace: '\n', '\r', '\t', ' ' or comma: ',' or end of array: ']' at /usr/home/ben/projects/Json3/examples/assert.pl line 6.

(This example is included as assert.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/assert.pl> in the distribution.)

This is the underlying function for "valid_json". It runs at the same speed, but it throws an error if the JSON is wrong, rather than returning 1 or 0. See "DIAGNOSTICS" for the error format, which is identical to "parse_json".

This cannot detect key collisions in the JSON since it does not store values. See "Key collisions" for more on this module's handling of non-unique names in the JSON.

The behaviour of disallowing empty inputs was changed in version 0.49. This makes it conform to the "JSON Parsing Test Suite", and also makes it give identical results to "valid_json".

  parse_json_safe
This is almost the same thing as "parse_json", but has the following differences:

Does not throw exceptions
    If the JSON is invalid, a warning is printed and the undefined value is returned, as if calling "parse_json" like this:

        eval {
            $out = parse_json ($json);
        };
        if ($@) {
            carp $@;
            $out = undef;
        }

Detects key collisions
    This switches on "detect_collisions", so that if the JSON contains non-unique names, a warning is printed and the undefined value is returned. See "Key collisions" for an explanation of what a key collision is.

Booleans are not read-only
    This switches on "copy_literals" so that JSON true, false and null values are copied. These values can be modified, but they will not be converted back into "true" and "false" by JSON::Create.

Errors are reported by carp
    Parsing errors are reported by "carp" in Carp, so the error line number refers to the caller's line.

As the name implies, this is meant to be a "safety-first" version of "parse_json". This function does not pass all of the tests of the "JSON Parsing Test Suite", because it creates an error for duplicate keys in objects, which is legal JSON. See t/jpts.t for details.

This function was added in version 0.38.

OLD INTERFACE
The following alternative function names are accepted. These are the names used for the functions in old versions of this module. These names are not deprecated and will never be removed from the module.

  json_to_perl
This is exactly the same function as "parse_json".

  validate_json
This is exactly the same function as "assert_valid_json".

Mapping from JSON to Perl
JSON elements are mapped to Perl as follows:

  JSON numbers
JSON numbers become Perl numbers, either integers or double-precision floating point numbers, or possibly strings containing the number if parsing of a number by the usual methods fails somehow.

JSON does not allow leading zeros, like 0123, or leading plus signs, like +100, in numbers, so these cause an "Unexpected character" error. JSON also does not allow numbers of the form 1., but it does allow things like 0e0 or 1E999999. As far as possible these are accepted by JSON::Parse.

  JSON strings
JSON strings become Perl strings. The JSON escape characters such as "\t" for the tab character (see section 2.5 of "RFC 7159") are mapped to the equivalent ASCII character.

Handling of Unicode

Inputs must be in the UTF-8 format. See "UTF-8 only".

If the input to "parse_json" is marked as Unicode characters, the output strings will be marked as Unicode characters. If the input is not marked as Unicode characters, the output strings will not be marked as Unicode characters. Thus,

    use JSON::Parse ':all';
    # The scalar $sasori looks like Unicode to Perl
    use utf8;
    my $sasori = '["蠍"]';
    my $p = parse_json ($sasori);
    print utf8::is_utf8 ($p->[0]);
    # Prints 1.

but

    use JSON::Parse ':all';
    # The scalar $ebi does not look like Unicode to Perl
    no utf8;
    my $ebi = '["海老"]';
    my $p = parse_json ($ebi);
    print utf8::is_utf8 ($p->[0]);
    # Prints nothing.

Escapes of the form \uXXXX (see page three of "RFC 7159") are mapped to ASCII if XXXX is less than 0x80, or to UTF-8 if XXXX is greater than or equal to 0x80.

Strings containing \uXXXX escapes greater than 0x80 are also upgraded to character strings, regardless of whether the input is a character string or a byte string, thus regardless of whether Perl thinks the input string is Unicode, escapes like \u87f9 are converted into the equivalent UTF-8 bytes and the particular string in which they occur is marked as a character string:

    use JSON::Parse ':all';
    no utf8;
    # 蟹
    my $kani = '["\u87f9"]';
    my $p = parse_json ($kani);
    print "It's marked as a character string" if utf8::is_utf8 ($p->[0]);
    # Prints "It's marked as a character string" because it's upgraded
    # regardless of the input string's flags.

This is modelled on the behaviour of Perl's "chr":

    no utf8;
    my $kani = '87f9';
    print "hex is character string\n" if utf8::is_utf8 ($kani);
    # prints nothing
    $kani = chr (hex ($kani));
    print "chr makes it a character string\n" if utf8::is_utf8 ($kani);
    # prints "chr makes it a character string"

However, JSON::Parse also upgrades the remaining part of the string into a character string, even when it's not marked as a character string. For example,

    use JSON::Parse ':all';
    use Unicode::UTF8 'decode_utf8';
    no utf8;
    my $highbytes = "か";
    my $not_utf8 = "$highbytes\\u3042";
    my $test = "{\"a\":\"$not_utf8\"}";
    my $out = parse_json ($test);
    # JSON::Parse does something unusual here in promoting the first part
    # of the string into UTF-8.
    print "JSON::Parse gives this: ", $out->{a}, "\n";
    # Perl cannot assume that $highbytes is in UTF-8, so it has to just
    # turn the initial characters into garbage.
    my $add_chr = $highbytes . chr (0x3042);
    print "Perl's output is like this: ", $add_chr, "\n";
    # In fact JSON::Parse's behaviour is equivalent to this:
    my $equiv = decode_utf8 ($highbytes) . chr (0x3042);
    print "JSON::Parse did something like this: ", $equiv, "\n";
    # With character strings switched on, Perl and JSON::Parse do the same
    # thing.
    use utf8;
    my $is_utf8 = "か";
    my $test2 = "{\"a\":\"$is_utf8\\u3042\"}";
    my $out2 = parse_json ($test2);
    print "JSON::Parse: ", $out2->{a}, "\n";
    my $add_chr2 = $is_utf8 . chr (0x3042);
    print "Native Perl: ", $add_chr2, "\n";

produces output

    JSON::Parse gives this: かあ
    Perl's output is like this: ãあ
    JSON::Parse did something like this: かあ
    JSON::Parse: かあ
    Native Perl: かあ

(This example is included as unicode-details.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/unicode-details.pl> in the distribution.)

Although in general the above would be an unsafe practice, JSON::Parse can do things this way because JSON is a text-only, Unicode-only format. To ensure that invalid inputs are never upgraded, JSON::Parse checks each input byte to make sure that it forms UTF-8. See also "UTF-8 only". Doing things this way, rather than the way that Perl does it, was one of the original motivations for writing this module. See also "HISTORY".

Surrogate pairs in the form "\uD834\uDD1E" are also handled. If the second half of the surrogate pair is missing, an "Unexpected character" or "Unexpected end of input" error is thrown. If the second half of the surrogate pair is present but contains an impossible value, a "Not surrogate pair" error is thrown.

  JSON arrays
JSON arrays become Perl array references. The elements of the Perl array are in the same order as they appear in the JSON.

Thus

    my $p = parse_json ('["monday", "tuesday", "wednesday"]');

has the same result as a Perl declaration of the form

    my $p = [ 'monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday' ];

  JSON objects
JSON objects become Perl hashes. The members of the JSON object become key and value pairs in the Perl hash. The string part of each object member becomes the key of the Perl hash. The value part of each member is mapped to the value of the Perl hash.

Thus

    my $j = <<EOF;
    {"monday":["blue", "black"],
     "tuesday":["grey", "heart attack"],
     "friday":"Gotta get down on Friday"}
    EOF

    my $p = parse_json ($j);

has the same result as a Perl declaration of the form

    my $p = {
        monday => ['blue', 'black'],
        tuesday => ['grey', 'heart attack'],
        friday => 'Gotta get down on Friday',
    };

Key collisions

A key collision is something like the following.

    use JSON::Parse qw/parse_json parse_json_safe/;
    my $j = '{"a":1, "a":2}';
    my $p = parse_json ($j);
    print "Ambiguous key 'a' is ", $p->{a}, "\n";
    my $q = parse_json_safe ($j);

produces output

    JSON::Parse::parse_json_safe: JSON error at line 1, byte 10/14: Name is not unique: "a" parsing object starting from byte 1  at /usr/home/ben/projects/Json3/examples/key-collision.pl line 8.
    Ambiguous key 'a' is 2

(This example is included as key-collision.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/key-collision.pl> in the distribution.)

Here the key "a" could be either 1 or 2. As seen in the example, "parse_json" overwrites the first value with the second value. "parse_json_safe" halts and prints a warning. If you use "new" you can switch key collision on and off with the "detect_collisions" method.

The rationale for "parse_json" not to give warnings is that Perl doesn't give information about collisions when storing into hash values, and checking for collisions for every key will degrade performance for the sake of an unlikely occurrence. The JSON specification says "The names within an object SHOULD be unique." (see "RFC 7159", page 5), although it's not a requirement.

For performance, "valid_json" and "assert_valid_json" do not store hash keys, thus they cannot detect this variety of problem.

  Literals
null

"parse_json" maps the JSON null literal to a readonly scalar $JSON::Parse::null which evaluates to "undef". "parse_json_safe" maps the JSON literal to the undefined value. If you use a parser created with "new", you can choose either of these behaviours with "copy_literals", or you can tell JSON::Parse to put your own value in place of nulls using the "set_null" method.

true

"parse_json" maps the JSON true literal to a readonly scalar which evaluates to 1. "parse_json_safe" maps the JSON literal to the value 1. If you use a parser created with "new", you can choose either of these behaviours with "copy_literals", or you can tell JSON::Parse to put your own value in place of trues using the "set_true" method.

false

"parse_json" maps the JSON false literal to a readonly scalar which evaluates to the empty string, or to zero in a numeric context. (This behaviour changed from version 0.36 to 0.37. In versions up to 0.36, the false literal was mapped to a readonly scalar which evaluated to 0 only.) "parse_json_safe" maps the JSON literal to a similar scalar without the readonly constraints. If you use a parser created with "new", you can choose either of these behaviours with "copy_literals", or you can tell JSON::Parse to put your own value in place of falses using the "set_false" method.

Round trips and compatibility

The Perl versions of literals produced by "parse_json" will be converted back to JSON literals if you use "create_json" in JSON::Create. However, JSON::Parse's literals are incompatible with the other CPAN JSON modules. For compatibility with other CPAN modules, create a JSON::Parse object with "new", and set JSON::Parse's literals with "set_true", "set_false", and "set_null".

This example demonstrates round-trip compatibility using JSON::Tiny version 0.54:

    use JSON::Tiny '0.54', qw(decode_json encode_json);
    use JSON::Parse;
    use JSON::Create;
    my $cream = '{"clapton":true,"hendrix":false,"bruce":true,"fripp":false}';
    my $jp = JSON::Parse->new ();
    my $jc = JSON::Create->new ();
    print "First do a round-trip of our modules:\n\n";
    print $jc->run ($jp->run ($cream)), "\n\n";
    print "Now do a round-trip of JSON::Tiny:\n\n";
    print encode_json (decode_json ($cream)), "\n\n";
    print "First, incompatible mode:\n\n";
    print 'tiny(parse): ', encode_json ($jp->run ($cream)), "\n";
    print 'create(tiny): ', $jc->run (decode_json ($cream)), "\n\n";
    $jp->set_true (JSON::Tiny::true);
    $jp->set_false (JSON::Tiny::false);
    print "Compatibility with JSON::Parse:\n\n";
    print 'tiny(parse):', encode_json ($jp->run ($cream)), "\n\n";
    $jc->bool ('JSON::Tiny::_Bool');
    print "Compatibility with JSON::Create:\n\n";
    print 'create(tiny):', $jc->run (decode_json ($cream)), "\n\n";
    print "JSON::Parse and JSON::Create are still compatible too:\n\n";
    print $jc->run ($jp->run ($cream)), "\n";

produces output

    First do a round-trip of our modules:

    {"hendrix":false,"clapton":true,"fripp":false,"bruce":true}

    Now do a round-trip of JSON::Tiny:

    {"bruce":true,"clapton":true,"fripp":false,"hendrix":false}

    First, incompatible mode:

    tiny(parse): {"bruce":1,"clapton":1,"fripp":"","hendrix":""}
    create(tiny): {"fripp":0,"bruce":1,"clapton":1,"hendrix":0}

    Compatibility with JSON::Parse:

    tiny(parse):{"bruce":true,"clapton":true,"fripp":false,"hendrix":false}

    Compatibility with JSON::Create:

    create(tiny):{"hendrix":false,"fripp":false,"bruce":true,"clapton":true}

    JSON::Parse and JSON::Create are still compatible too:

    {"fripp":false,"bruce":true,"clapton":true,"hendrix":false}

(This example is included as json-tiny-round-trip-demo.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/json-tiny-round-trip-demo.pl> in the distribution.)

Most of the other CPAN modules use similar methods to JSON::Tiny, so the above example can easily be adapted. See also "Interoperability" in JSON::Create for various examples.

Modifying the values

"parse_json" maps all the literals to read-only values. Because of this, attempting to modifying the boolean values in the hash reference returned by "parse_json" will cause "Modification of a read-only value attempted" errors:

    my $in = '{"hocus":true,"pocus":false,"focus":null}';
    my $p = json_parse ($in);
    $p->{hocus} = 99;
    # "Modification of a read-only value attempted" error occurs

Since the hash values are read-only scalars, "$p->{hocus} = 99" is like this:

    undef = 99;

If you need to modify the returned hash reference, then delete the value first:

    my $in = '{"hocus":true,"pocus":false,"focus":null}';
    my $p = json_parse ($in);
    delete $p->{pocus};
    $p->{pocus} = 99;
    # OK

Similarly with array references, delete the value before altering:

    my $in = '[true,false,null]';
    my $q = json_parse ($in);
    delete $q->[1];
    $q->[1] = 'magic';

Note that the return values from parsing bare literals are not read-only scalars, so

    my $true = JSON::Parse::json_parse ('true');
    $true = 99;

produces no error. This is because Perl copies the scalar.

METHODS
If you need to parse JSON and you are not satisfied with the parsing options offered by "parse_json" and "parse_json_safe", you can create a JSON parsing object with "new" and set various options on the object, then use it with "run". These options include the ability to copy JSON literals with "copy_literals", switch off fatal errors with "warn_only", detect key collisions in objects with "detect_collisions", and set the JSON literals to user defined values with the methods described under "Methods for manipulating literals".

These methods only work on an object created with "new"; they do not affect the behaviour of "parse_json" or "parse_json_safe".

  new
    my $jp = JSON::Parse->new ();

Create a new JSON::Parse object.

This method was added in version 0.38.

  run
    my $out = $jp->run ($json);

This does the same thing as "parse_json", except its behaviour can be modified using the methods below.

This method was added in version 0.38.

  check
    eval {
        $jp->check ($json);
    };

This does the same thing as "assert_valid_json", except its behaviour can be modified using the methods below. Only the "diagnostics_hash" method will actually affect this.

This method was added in version 0.48, for the benefit of JSON::Repair.

  copy_literals
    $jp->copy_literals (1);

With a true value, copy JSON literal values ("null", "true", and "false") into new Perl scalar values, and don't put read-only values into the output.

With a false value, use read-only scalars:

    $jp->copy_literals (0);

The "copy_literals (1)" behaviour is the behaviour of "parse_json_safe". The "copy_literals (0)" behaviour is the behaviour of "parse_json".

If the user also sets user-defined literals with "set_true", "set_false" and "set_null", that takes precedence over this.

This method was added in version 0.38.

  warn_only
    $jp->warn_only (1);

Warn, don't die, on error. Failed parsing returns the undefined value, "undef", and prints a warning.

This can be switched off again using any false value:

    $jp->warn_only ('');

This method was documented in version 0.38, but only implemented in version 0.41.

  detect_collisions
    $jp->detect_collisions (1);

This switches on a check for hash key collisions (non-unique names in JSON objects). If a collision is found, an error message "Name is not unique" is printed, which also gives the non-unique name and the byte position where the start of the colliding string was found:

    use JSON::Parse;
    my $jp = JSON::Parse->new ();
    $jp->detect_collisions (1);
    eval {
        $jp->run ('{"animals":{"cat":"moggy","cat":"feline","cat":"neko"}}');
    };
    print "$@\n" if $@;

produces output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 28/55: Name is not unique: "cat" parsing object starting from byte 12 at /usr/home/ben/projects/Json3/blib/lib/JSON/Parse.pm line 103.

(This example is included as collide.pl <https://fastapi.metacpan.org/source/BKB/JSON-Parse-0.57/examples/collide.pl> in the distribution.)

The "detect_collisions (1)" behaviour is the behaviour of "parse_json_safe". The "detect_collisions (0)" behaviour is the behaviour of "parse_json".

This method was added in version 0.38.

  diagnostics_hash
    $jp->diagnostics_hash (1);

This changes diagnostics produced by errors from a simple string into a hash reference containing various fields. This is experimental and subject to change. This is incompatible with "warn_only".

This replaces the previous experimental global variable $json_diagnostics, which was removed from the module. The hash keys and values are identical to those provided in the object returned by $json_diagnostics, with the addition of a key "error as string" which returns the usual error.

This requires Perl version 5.14 or later.

This method was added in version 0.46.

  Methods for manipulating literals
These methods alter what is written into the Perl structure when the parser sees a literal value, "true", "false" or "null" in the input JSON.

This number of methods is unfortunately necessary, since it's possible that a user might want to set_false (undef) to set false values to turn into undefs.

    $jp->set_false (undef);

Thus, we cannot use a single function "$jp->false (undef)" to cover both setting and deleting of values.

These methods were added in version 0.38.

set_true

    $jp->set_true ("Yes, that is so true");

Supply a scalar to be used in place of the JSON "true" literal.

This example puts the string "Yes, that is so true" into the hash or array when we hit a "true" literal, rather than the default read-only scalar:

    use JSON::Parse;
    my $json = '{"yes":true,"no":false}';
    my $jp = JSON::Parse->new ();
    $jp->set_true ('Yes, that is so true');
    my $out = $jp->run ($json);
    print $out->{yes}, "\n";

prints

    Yes, that is so true

To override the previous value, call it again with a new value. To delete the value and revert to the default behaviour, use "delete_true".

If you give this a value which is not "true", as in Perl will evaluate it as a false in an if statement, it prints a warning "User-defined value for JSON true evaluates as false". You can switch this warning off with "no_warn_literals".

This method was added in version 0.38.

delete_true

    $jp->delete_true ();

Delete the user-defined true value. See "set_true".

This method is "safe" in that it has absolutely no effect if no user-defined value is in place. It does not return a value.

This method was added in version 0.38.

set_false

    $jp->set_false (JSON::PP::Boolean::false);

Supply a scalar to be used in place of the JSON "false" literal.

In the above example, when we hit a "false" literal, we put "JSON::PP::Boolean::false" in the output, similar to JSON::PP and other CPAN modules like Mojo::JSON or JSON::XS.

To override the previous value, call it again with a new value. To delete the value and revert to the default behaviour, use "delete_false".

If you give this a value which is not "false", as in Perl will evaluate it as a false in an if statement, it prints a warning "User-defined value for JSON false evaluates as true". You can switch this warning off with "no_warn_literals".

This method was added in version 0.38.

delete_false

    $jp->delete_false ();

Delete the user-defined false value. See "set_false".

This method is "safe" in that it has absolutely no effect if no user-defined value is in place. It does not return a value.

This method was added in version 0.38.

set_null

    $jp->set_null (0);

Supply a scalar to be used in place of the JSON "null" literal.

To override the previous value, call it again with a new value. To delete the value and revert to the default behaviour, use "delete_null".

This method was added in version 0.38.

delete_null

    $jp->delete_null ();

Delete the user-defined null value. See "set_null".

This method is "safe" in that it has absolutely no effect if no user-defined value is in place. It does not return a value.

This method was added in version 0.38.

no_warn_literals

    $jp->no_warn_literals (1);

Use a true value to switch off warnings about setting boolean values to contradictory things. For example if you want to set the JSON "false" literal to turn into the string "false",

    $jp->no_warn_literals (1);
    $jp->set_false ("false");

See also "Contradictory values for "true" and "false"".

This also switches off the warning "User-defined value overrules copy_literals".

This method was added in version 0.38.

RESTRICTIONS
This module imposes the following restrictions on its input.

JSON only
    JSON::Parse is a strict parser. It only accepts input which exactly meets the criteria of "RFC 7159". That means, for example, JSON::Parse does not accept single quotes (') instead of double quotes ("), or numbers with leading zeros, like 0123. JSON::Parse does not accept control characters (0x00 - 0x1F) in strings, missing commas between array or hash elements like "["a" "b"]", or trailing commas like "["a","b","c",]". It also does not accept trailing non-whitespace, like the second "]" in "["a"]]".

No incremental parsing
    JSON::Parse does not parse incrementally. It only parses fully-formed JSON strings which include all opening and closing brackets. This is an inherent part of the design of the module. Incremental parsing in the style of XML::Parser would (obviously) require some kind of callback structure to deal with the elements of the partially digested structures, but JSON::Parse was never designed to do this; it merely converts what it sees into a Perl structure. Claims to offer incremental JSON parsing in other modules' documentation should be diligently verified.

UTF-8 only
    Although JSON may come in various encodings of Unicode, JSON::Parse only parses the UTF-8 format. If input is in a different Unicode encoding than UTF-8, convert the input before handing it to this module. For example, for the UTF-16 format,

        use Encode 'decode';
        my $input_utf8 = decode ('UTF-16', $input);
        my $perl = parse_json ($input_utf8);

    or, for a file, use ":encoding" (see PerlIO::encoding and perluniintro):

        open my $input, "<:encoding(UTF-16)", 'some-json-file';

    JSON::Parse does not determine the nature of the octet stream, as described in part 3 of "RFC 7159".

    This restriction to UTF-8 applies regardless of whether Perl thinks that the input string is a character string or a byte string. Non-UTF-8 input will cause an "Unexpected character" error.

DIAGNOSTICS
"valid_json" does not produce error messages. "parse_json" and "assert_valid_json" die on encountering invalid input. "parse_json_safe" uses "carp" in Carp to pass error messages as warnings.

Error messages have the line number, and the byte number where appropriate, of the input which caused the problem. The line number is formed simply by counting the number of "\n" (linefeed, ASCII 0x0A) characters in the whitespace part of the JSON.

In "parse_json" and "assert_valid_json", parsing errors are fatal, so to continue after an error occurs, put the parsing into an "eval" block:

    my $p;
    eval {
        $p = parse_json ($j);
    };
    if ($@) {
        # handle error
    }

The following error messages are produced:

  Unexpected character
An unexpected character (byte) was encountered in the input. For example, when looking at the beginning of a string supposedly containing JSON, if the module encounters a plus sign, it will give an error like this:

    assert_valid_json ('+');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 1/1: Unexpected character '+' parsing initial state: expecting whitespace: 'n', '\r', '\t', ' ' or start of string: '"' or digit: '0-9' or minus: '-' or start of an array or object: '{', '[' or start of literal: 't', 'f', 'n'

The message always includes a list of what characters are allowed.

If there is some recognizable structure being parsed, the error message will include its starting point in the form "starting from byte n":

    assert_valid_json ('{"this":"\a"}');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 11/13: Unexpected character 'a' parsing string starting from byte 9: expecting escape: '', '/', '"', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', 'u'

A feature of JSON is that parsing it requires only one byte to be examined at a time. Thus almost all parsing problems can be handled using the "Unexpected character" error type, including spelling errors in literals:

    assert_valid_json ('[true,folse]');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 8/12: Unexpected character 'o' parsing literal starting from byte 7: expecting 'a'

and the missing second half of a surrogate pair:

    assert_valid_json ('["\udc00? <-- should be a second half here"]');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 9/44: Unexpected character '?' parsing unicode escape starting from byte 3: expecting '\'

All kinds of errors can occur parsing numbers, for example a missing fraction,

    assert_valid_json ('[1.e9]');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 4/6: Unexpected character 'e' parsing number starting from byte 2: expecting digit: '0-9'

and a leading zero,

    assert_valid_json ('[0123]');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 3/6: Unexpected character '1' parsing number starting from byte 2: expecting whitespace: 'n', '\r', '\t', ' ' or comma: ',' or end of array: ']' or dot: '.' or exponential sign: 'e', 'E'

The error message is this complicated because all of the following are valid here: whitespace: "[0 ]"; comma: "[0,1]", end of array: "[0]", dot: "[0.1]", or exponential: "[0e0]".

These are all handled by this error. Thus the error messages are a little confusing as diagnostics.

Versions of this module prior to 0.29 gave more informative messages like "leading zero in number". (The messages weren't documented.) The reason to change over to the single message was because it makes the parsing code simpler, and because the testing code described in "TESTING" makes use of the internals of this error to check that the error message produced actually do correspond to the invalid and valid bytes allowed by the parser, at the exact byte given.

This is a bytewise error, thus for example if a miscoded UTF-8 appears in the input, an error message saying what bytes would be valid at that point will be printed.

    no utf8;
    use JSON::Parse 'assert_valid_json';

    # Error in first byte:

    my $bad_utf8_1 = chr (hex ("81"));
    eval { assert_valid_json ("[\"$bad_utf8_1\"]"); };
    print "$@\n";

    # Error in third byte:

    my $bad_utf8_2 = chr (hex ('e2')) . chr (hex ('9C')) . 'b';
    eval { assert_valid_json ("[\"$bad_utf8_2\"]"); };
    print "$@\n";

prints

    JSON error at line 1, byte 3/5: Unexpected character 0x81 parsing string starting from byte 2: expecting printable ASCII or first byte of UTF-8: '\x20-\x7f', '\xC2-\xF4' at examples/bad-utf8.pl line 10.

    JSON error at line 1, byte 5/7: Unexpected character 'b' parsing string starting from byte 2: expecting bytes in range 80-bf: '\x80-\xbf' at examples/bad-utf8.pl line 16.

  Unexpected end of input
The end of the string was encountered before the end of whatever was being parsed was. For example, if a quote is missing from the end of the string, it will give an error like this:

    assert_valid_json ('{"first":"Suzuki","second":"Murakami","third":"Asada}');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1: Unexpected end of input parsing string starting from byte 47

  Not surrogate pair
While parsing a string, a surrogate pair was encountered. While trying to turn this into UTF-8, the second half of the surrogate pair turned out to be an invalid value.

    assert_valid_json ('["\uDC00\uABCD"]');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1: Not surrogate pair parsing unicode escape starting from byte 11

  Empty input
This error occurs for an input which is an empty (no length or whitespace only) or an undefined value.

    assert_valid_json ('');

gives output

    JSON error: Empty input parsing initial state

Prior to version 0.49, this error was produced by "assert_valid_json" only, but it is now also produced by "parse_json". See "JSON Parsing Test Suite".

  Name is not unique
This error occurs when parsing JSON when the user has chosen "detect_collisions". For example an input like

    my $p = JSON::Parse->new ();
    $p->detect_collisions (1);
    $p->run ('{"hocus":1,"pocus":2,"hocus":3}');

gives output

    JSON error at line 1, byte 23/31: Name is not unique: "hocus" parsing object starting from byte 1 at blib/lib/JSON/Parse.pm line 109.

where the JSON object has two keys with the same name, "hocus". The terminology "name is not unique" is from the JSON specification.

  Contradictory values for "true" and "false"
User-defined value for JSON false evaluates as true

This happens if you set JSON false to map to a true value:

    $jp->set_false (1);

To switch off this warning, use "no_warn_literals".

This warning was added in version 0.38.

User-defined value for JSON true evaluates as false

This happens if you set JSON true to map to a false value:

    $jp->set_true (undef);

To switch off this warning, use "no_warn_literals".

This warning was added in version 0.38.

  User-defined value overrules copy_literals
This warning is given if you set up literals with "copy_literals" then you also set up your own true, false, or null values with "set_true", "set_false", or "set_null".

This warning was added in version 0.38.

PERFORMANCE
On the author's computer, the module's speed of parsing is approximately the same as JSON::XS, with small variations depending on the type of input. For validation, "valid_json" is faster than any other module known to the author, and up to ten times faster than JSON::XS.

Some special types of input, such as floating point numbers containing an exponential part, like "1e09", seem to be about two or three times faster to parse with this module than with JSON::XS. In JSON::Parse, parsing of exponentials is done by the system's "strtod" function, but JSON::XS contains its own parser for exponentials, so these results may be system-dependent.

At the moment the main place JSON::XS wins over JSON::Parse is in strings containing escape characters, where JSON::XS is about 10% faster on the module author's computer and compiler. As of version 0.33, despite some progress in improving JSON::Parse, I haven't been able to fully work out the reason behind the better speed.

There is some benchmarking code in the github repository under the directory "benchmarks" for those wishing to test these claims. The script benchmarks/bench <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/benchmarks/bench> is an adaptation of the similar script in the JSON::XS distribution. The script benchmarks/pub-bench.pl <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/benchmarks/pub-bench.pl> runs the benchmarks and prints them out as POD.

The following benchmark tests used version 0.47 of JSON::Parse and version 3.03 of JSON::XS on Perl Version 18.2, compiled with Clang version 3.4.1 on FreeBSD 10.3. The files in the "benchmarks" directory of JSON::Parse. "short.json" and "long.json" are the benchmarks used by JSON::XS.

short.json
        Repetitions: 10 x 100 = 1000
        --------------+------------+------------+
        module        |      1/min |        min |
        --------------|------------|------------|
        JP::valid     | 776722.963 |  0.0000129 |
        JSON::Parse   | 285326.803 |  0.0000350 |
        JSON::XS      | 257319.264 |  0.0000389 |
        --------------+------------+------------+

long.json
        Repetitions: 10 x 100 = 1000
        --------------+------------+------------+
        module        |      1/min |        min |
        --------------|------------|------------|
        JP::valid     |  13985.675 |  0.0007150 |
        JSON::Parse   |   5128.138 |  0.0019500 |
        JSON::XS      |   5919.977 |  0.0016892 |
        --------------+------------+------------+

words-array.json
        Repetitions: 10 x 100 = 1000
        --------------+------------+------------+
        module        |      1/min |        min |
        --------------|------------|------------|
        JP::valid     | 285326.803 |  0.0000350 |
        JSON::Parse   |  32589.775 |  0.0003068 |
        JSON::XS      |  32263.877 |  0.0003099 |
        --------------+------------+------------+

exp.json
        Repetitions: 10 x 100 = 1000
        --------------+------------+------------+
        module        |      1/min |        min |
        --------------|------------|------------|
        JP::valid     | 128266.177 |  0.0000780 |
        JSON::Parse   |  52626.148 |  0.0001900 |
        JSON::XS      |  19849.995 |  0.0005038 |
        --------------+------------+------------+

literals.json
        Repetitions: 10 x 100 = 1000
        --------------+------------+------------+
        module        |      1/min |        min |
        --------------|------------|------------|
        JP::valid     | 313007.761 |  0.0000319 |
        JSON::Parse   |  47180.022 |  0.0002120 |
        JSON::XS      |  28826.832 |  0.0003469 |
        --------------+------------+------------+

cpantesters.json
        Repetitions: 10 x 100 = 1000
        --------------+------------+------------+
        module        |      1/min |        min |
        --------------|------------|------------|
        JP::valid     |   1398.241 |  0.0071518 |
        JSON::Parse   |    211.734 |  0.0472291 |
        JSON::XS      |    215.100 |  0.0464900 |
        --------------+------------+------------+

SEE ALSO

RFC 7159
    JSON is specified in RFC 7159 "The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)" <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt>.

json.org
    <http://json.org> is the website for JSON, authored by Douglas Crockford.

JSON::Create
    JSON::Create is a companion module to JSON::Parse by the same author. As of version 0.08, I'm using it everywhere, but it should still be considered to be in a testing stage. Please feel free to try it out.

JSON::Tokenize
    JSON::Tokenize is part of the JSON::Parse distribution, a tokenizer which reduces a JSON string to tokens. This makes the JSON::Parse tokenizer available to people who want to write their own JSON parsers.

JSON::Repair
    JSON::Repair is an example module which demonstrates using JSON::Parse to apply some kinds of heuristics to repair "relaxed JSON" or otherwise broken JSON into compliant JSON.

  Other CPAN modules for parsing and producing JSON

Reading and writing JSON
    JSON
        This calls on either JSON::PP or JSON::XS.

    JSON::PP
        This is part of the Perl core, installed when you install Perl. "PP" stands for "Pure Perl", which means it is in Perl-only without the XS (C-based) parsing. This is slower but may be necessary if you cannot install modules requiring a C compiler.

    JSON::XS
        This is an all-purpose JSON module in XS, which means it requires a C compiler to install.

    Cpanel::JSON::XS
        This is a fork of JSON::XS related to a disagreement about how to report bugs. Please see the module for details.

    JSON::DWIW
        "Does what I want" module.

    JSON::YAJL
        Wraps a C library called yajl.

    JSON::Util
        Relies on JSON::MaybeXS.

    Pegex::JSON
        Based on Pegex.

    JSON::Syck
        Takes advantage of a similarity between YAML (yet another markup language) and JSON to provide a JSON parser/producer using YAML::Syck.

    Inline::JSON
        Relies on "JSON".

    Glib::JSON
        Uses the JSON library from Glib, a library of C functions for the Linux GNOME desktop project.

    Mojo::JSON
        Part of the Mojolicious standalone web framework, "pure Perl" JSON reader/writer. As of version 6.25 of Mojolicious, this actually depends on "JSON::PP".

    JSON::Tiny
        This is a fork of "Mojo::JSON".

    File::JSON::Slurper
        Slurp a JSON file into a data structure, and the reverse. It relies on "JSON::MaybeXS".

Special-purpose modules
    JSON::MultiValueOrdered and JSON::Tiny::Subclassable
        "JSON::MultiValueOrdered" is a special-purpose module for parsing JSON objects which have key collisions (something like "{"a":1,"a":2}") within objects.

        (JSON::Parse's handling of key collisions is discussed in "Key collisions" in this document.)

    boolean
        This module offers "true" and "false" literals similar to JSON.

    Devel::JSON
        For one-liners.

    App::JSON::to
        Convert JSON data to other formats.

    JSON::Color
        This module generates JSON, colorized with ANSI escape sequences.

    Config::JSON
        Configuration files in JSON

    JSON::String
        Automatically change a JSON string when a data structure changes.

    JSON::Builder
        Create JSON under memory limitations.

    JSON::Pointer
        Extract parts of a JSON string.

    Inline::JSON
        Include JSON in a Perl program.

    JSON::Path
        Search nested hashref/arrayref structures using JSONPath.

Test-related modules
    Test::JSON
        This offers a way to compare two different JSON strings to see if they refer to the same object. As of version 0.11, it relies on "JSON::Any".

    Test::JSON::More
        JSON Test Utility. As of version 0.02, it relies on "JSON".

    Test::Deep::JSON
        Compare JSON with Test::Deep. As of version 0.03, it relies on "JSON".

Type-related modules
    These untangle numbers, strings, and booleans into JSON types.

    JSON::Types
    JSON::TypeInference
    JSON::Typist
    JSON::Types::Flexible
Combination modules
    These modules rely on more than one back-end module.

    JSON::MaybeXS
        A module which combines "Cpanel::JSON::XS", "JSON::XS", and "JSON::PP". The original "JSON" combines "JSON::XS" and "JSON::PP", so this prioritizes "Cpanel::JSON::XS".

    JSON::Any
        This module combines "JSON::DWIW", "JSON::XS" versions one and two, and "JSON::Syck".

    JSON::XS::VersionOneAndTwo
        A "combination module" which supports two different interfaces of "JSON::XS". However, JSON::XS is now onto version 3.

    Mojo::JSON::MaybeXS
        This pulls in "JSON::MaybeXS" instead of "Mojo::JSON".

JSON extensions
    These modules extend JSON with comments and other things.

    JSON::Relaxed
        "An extension of JSON that allows for better human-readability".

    JSONY
        "Relaxed JSON with a little bit of YAML"

    JSON::Diffable
        "A relaxed and easy diffable JSON variant"

Other modules
    App::JSON::Tools
    App::JSONPretty
    Eve::Json
    Haineko::JSON
    JBD::JSON
    JSON::JS
    JSON::Meth
    JSON::ON
    JSON::SL
    JSON::Streaming::Reader and JSON::Streaming::Writer
    JSON::XS::ByteString
    JSON::XS::Sugar
    Silki::JSON
    Text::JSON::Nibble

SCRIPT
A script "validjson" is supplied with the module. This runs "assert_valid_json" on its inputs, so run it like this.

     validjson *.json

The default behaviour is to just do nothing if the input is valid. For invalid input it prints what the problem is:

    validjson ids.go
    ids.go: JSON error at line 1, byte 1/7588: Unexpected character '/' parsing initial state: expecting whitespace: '\n', '\r', '\t', ' ' or start of string: '"' or digit: '0-9' or minus: '-' or start of an array or object: '{', '[' or start of literal: 't', 'f', 'n'.

If you need confirmation, use its --verbose option:

    validjson -v *.json

    atoms.json is valid JSON.
    ids.json is valid JSON.
    kanjidic.json is valid JSON.
    linedecomps.json is valid JSON.
    radkfile-radicals.json is valid JSON.

TEST RESULTS
The CPAN testers results are at the usual place.

The ActiveState test results are at <http://code.activestate.com/ppm/JSON-Parse/>.

DEPENDENCIES

Carp

EXPORTS
The module exports nothing by default. Functions "parse_json", "parse_json_safe", "json_file_to_perl", "valid_json" and "assert_valid_json", as well as the old function names "validate_json" and "json_to_perl", can be exported on request.

All of the functions can be exported using the tag ':all':

    use JSON::Parse ':all';

TESTING

  Internal testing code
The module incorporates extensive testing related to the production of error messages and validation of input. Some of the testing code is supplied with the module in the /t/ subdirectory of the distribution.

More extensive testing code is in the git repository. This is not supplied in the CPAN distribution. A script, randomjson.pl <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/randomjson.pl>, generates a set number of bytes of random JSON and checks that the module's bytewise validation of input is correct. It does this by taking a valid fragment, then adding each possible byte from 0 to 255 to see whether the module correctly identifies it as valid or invalid at that point, then randomly picking one of the valid bytes and adding it to the fragment and continuing the process until a complete valid JSON input is formed. The module has undergone about a billion repetitions of this test.

This setup relies on a C file, json-random-test.c <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/json-random-test.c>, which isn't in the CPAN distribution, and it also requires Json3.xs <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/Json3.xs> to be edited to make the macro "TESTRANDOM" true (uncomment line 7 of the file). The testing code uses C setjmp/longjmp, so it's not guaranteed to work on all operating systems and is commented out for CPAN releases.

A pure C version called random-test.c <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/random-test.c> also exists. This applies exactly the same tests, and requires no Perl at all.

If you're interested in testing your own JSON parser, the outputs generated by randomjson.pl <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/randomjson.pl> are quite a good place to start. The default is to produce UTF-8 output, which looks pretty horrible since it tends to produce long strings of UTF-8 garbage. (This is because it chooses randomly from 256 bytes and the end-of-string marker """ has only a 1/256 chance of being chosen, so the strings tend to get long and messy). You can mess with the internals of JSON::Parse by setting MAXBYTE in json-common.c to 0x80, recompiling (you can ignore the compiler warnings), and running randomjson.pl again to get just ASCII random JSON things. This breaks the UTF-8 functionality of JSON::Parse, so please don't install that version.

  JSON Parsing Test Suite
Version 0.48 passed all but two of the yes/no tests of the JSON Parsing Test Suite <https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite>. The first failure was that "assert_valid_json" did not mark a completely empty file <https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite/blob/master/test_parsing/n_structure_no_data.json> as invalid JSON, and the second was that "parse_json" did not mark a file containing a single space character <https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite/blob/master/test_parsing/n_single_space.json> as invalid json. The tests also revealed an inconsistency between "assert_valid_json" and "valid_json", which was reporting the completely empty file as invalid. Running these tests also revealed several bugs in the script validjson. All of these errors were amended in version 0.49.

I attempted to include the JSON Parsing Test Suite tests in the module's tests, but some of the files (like 100,000 open arrays) actually cause crashes on some versions of Perl on some machines <http://fast-matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=JSON-Parse%200.48_01>, so they're not really suitable for distribution. The tests are found, however, in the repository under xt/jpts.t <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/xt/jpts.t> and the subdirectory xt/jpts <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/xt/jpts>, so if you are interested in the results, please copy that and try it. There is also a test for the validjson script as xt/validjson.t <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/xt/validjson.t> in the repository. These are author tests, so you may need to install extra modules to run them. These author tests are run automatically before any code is uploaded to CPAN.

HISTORY
See Changes <https://github.com/benkasminbullock/JSON-Parse/blob/42e099ed38a3e85daed46f53bf367fa2b828e152/Changes> in the distribution for a full list of changes.

This module started out under the name "JSON::Argo". It was originally a way to escape from having to use the other JSON modules on CPAN. The biggest issue that I had with the other modules was the way that Unicode was handled. Insisting on the pure Perl method of dealing with JSON strings, which are required to be in Unicode anyway, seems to me little more than superstition, something like telling programmers not to step on cracks in the pavement. This module completely bypasses that. See "Handling of Unicode" for the details of how this module differs from the other modules.

The reason it only parsed JSON was that when I started this I didn't know the Perl extension language XS very well (I still don't know it very well), and I was not confident about making a JSON producer, so it only parsed JSON, which was the main job I needed to do. It originally used lex and yacc in the form of flex and bison, since discarded. I also found out that someone else had a JSON parser called Argo in Java, so to save confusion I dropped the name JSON::Argo and renamed this JSON::Parse, keeping the version numbers continuous.

The module has since been completely rewritten, twice, mostly in an attempt to improve performance, after I found that JSON::XS was much faster than the original JSON::Parse. (The first rewrite of the module was not released to CPAN, this is the second one, which explains why some files have names like Json3.xs). I also hoped to make something useful which wasn't in any existing CPAN module by offering the high-speed validator, "valid_json".

I also rewrote the module due to some bugs I found, for example up to version 0.09 it was failing to accept whitespace after an object key string, so a JSON input of the form "{ "x" : "y" }", with whitespace between the "x" and the colon, ":", would cause it to fail. That was one big reason I created the random testing regime described in "TESTING" above. I believe that the module is now compliant with the JSON specification.

After starting JSON::Create, I realised that some edge case handling in JSON::Parse needed to be improved. This resulted in the addition of the hash collision and literal-overriding methods introduced in versions 0.37 and 0.38 of this module.

Version 0.42 fixed a very serious bug where long strings could overflow an internal buffer, and could cause a segmentation fault.

Version 0.48 removed an experimental feature called $json_diagnostics which made the module's errors be produced in JSON format, and replaced it with the current "diagnostics_hash" method, for the benefit of "JSON::Repair".

Version 0.49 brought the module into conformance with the "JSON Parsing Test Suite".

Version 0.54 removed support for the Solaris operating system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Shlomi Fish (SHLOMIF) fixed some memory leaks in version 0.40. kolmogorov42 (https://github.com/kolmogorov42) reported a very serious bug which led to version 0.42.

AUTHOR
Ben Bullock, <bkb@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT & LICENCE
This package and associated files are copyright (C) 2013-2020 Ben Bullock.

You can use, copy, modify and redistribute this package and associated files under the Perl Artistic Licence or the GNU General Public Licence.