Class: Net::SSH::Connection::Channel

### Home Classes Methods

### In Files

- lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb

### Parent

Object

### Methods

- ::new
- #[]
- #[]=
- #active?
- #close
- #closing?
- #do_close
- #do_eof
- #do_extended_data
- #do_failure
- #do_open_failed
- #do_success
- #env
- #eof!
- #eof?
- #exec
- #on_close
- #on_data
- #on_eof
- #on_extended_data
- #on_open_failed
- #on_process
- #on_request
- #process
- #request_pty
- #send_channel_request
- #send_data
- #subsystem
- #wait

### Included Modules

- Net::SSH::Connection::Constants
- Net::SSH::Loggable

### Files

- README.rdoc

### Class/Module Index

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# Net::SSH::Connection::Channel

The channel abstraction. Multiple "channels" can be multiplexed onto a single SSH channel, each operating independently and seemingly in parallel. This class represents a single such channel. Most operations performed with the Net::SSH library will involve using one or more channels.

Channels are intended to be used asynchronously. You request that one be opened (via Connection::Session#open_channel), and when it is opened, your callback is invoked. Then, you set various other callbacks on the newly opened channel, which are called in response to the corresponding events. Programming with Net::SSH works best if you think of your programs as state machines. Complex programs are best implemented as objects that wrap a channel. See Net::SCP and Net::SFTP for examples of how complex state machines can be built on top of the SSH protocol.

    ssh.open_channel do |channel|
      channel.exec("/invoke/some/command") do |ch, success|
        abort "could not execute command" unless success

        channel.on_data do |ch, data|
          puts "got stdout: #{data}"
          channel.send_data "something for stdin\n"
        end

        channel.on_extended_data do |ch, type, data|
          puts "got stderr: #{data}"
        end

        channel.on_close do |ch|
          puts "channel is closing!"
        end
      end
    end

    ssh.loop

Channels also have a basic hash-like interface, that allows programs to store arbitrary state information on a channel object. This helps simplify the writing of state machines, especially when you may be juggling multiple open channels at the same time.

Note that data sent across SSH channels are governed by maximum packet sizes and maximum window sizes. These details are managed internally by Net::SSH::Connection::Channel, so you may remain blissfully ignorant if you so desire, but you can always inspect the current maximums, as well as the remaining window size, using the reader attributes for those values.

### Constants

VALID_PTY_OPTIONS

  A hash of the valid PTY options (see request_pty).

### Attributes

connection[R]

The underlying Net::SSH::Connection::Session instance that supports this channel.

local_id[R]

The local id for this channel, assigned by the Net::SSH::Connection::Session instance.

local_maximum_packet_size[R]

The maximum packet size that the local host can receive.

local_maximum_window_size[R]

The maximum amount of data that the local end of this channel can receive. This is a total, not per-packet.

local_window_size[R]

This is the remaining window size on the local end of this channel. When this reaches zero, no more data can be received.

properties[R]

A hash of properties for this channel. These can be used to store state information about this channel. See also #[] and #[]=.

remote_id[R]

The remote id for this channel, assigned by the remote host.

remote_maximum_packet_size[R]

The maximum packet size that the remote host can receive.

remote_maximum_window_size[R]

The maximum amount of data that the remote end of this channel can receive. This is a total, not per-packet.

remote_window_size[R]

This is the remaining window size on the remote end of this channel. When this reaches zero, no more data can be sent.

type[R]

The type of this channel, usually "session".

### Public Class Methods

new(connection, type, local_id, max_pkt_size = 0x8000, max_win_size = 0x20000, &on_confirm_open) click to toggle source

Instantiates a new channel on the given connection, of the given type, and with the given id. If a block is given, it will be remembered until the channel is confirmed open by the server, and will be invoked at that time (see do_open_confirmation).

This also sets the default maximum packet size and maximum window size.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 110
    def initialize(connection, type, local_id, max_pkt_size = 0x8000, max_win_size = 0x20000, &on_confirm_open)
      self.logger = connection.logger

      @connection = connection
      @type       = type
      @local_id   = local_id

      @local_maximum_packet_size = max_pkt_size
      @local_window_size = @local_maximum_window_size = max_win_size

      @on_confirm_open = on_confirm_open

      @output = Buffer.new

      @properties = {}

      @pending_requests = []
      @on_open_failed = @on_data = @on_extended_data = @on_process = @on_close = @on_eof = nil
      @on_request = {}
      @closing = @eof = @sent_eof = false
    end

### Public Instance Methods

[](name) click to toggle source

A shortcut for accessing properties of the channel (see properties).

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 133
    def [](name)
      @properties[name]
    end

[]=(name, value) click to toggle source

A shortcut for setting properties of the channel (see properties).

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 138
    def []=(name, value)
      @properties[name] = value
    end

active?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the channel exists in the channel list of the session, and false otherwise. This can be used to determine whether a channel has been closed or not.

    ssh.loop { channel.active? }

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 259
    def active?
      connection.channels.key?(local_id)
    end

close() click to toggle source

Requests that the channel be closed. If the channel is already closing, this does nothing, nor does it do anything if the channel has not yet been confirmed open (see do_open_confirmation). Otherwise, it sends a CHANNEL_CLOSE message and marks the channel as closing.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 284
    def close
      return if @closing
      if remote_id
        @closing = true
        connection.send_message(Buffer.from(:byte, CHANNEL_CLOSE, :long, remote_id))
      end
    end

closing?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the channel is currently closing, but not actually closed. A channel is closing when, for instance, close has been invoked, but the server has not yet responded with a CHANNEL_CLOSE packet of its own.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 276
    def closing?
      @closing
    end

do_close() click to toggle source

Invokes the on_close callback when the server closes a channel. The channel is the only argument.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 590
    def do_close
      @on_close.call(self) if @on_close
    end

do_eof() click to toggle source

Invokes the on_eof callback when the server indicates that no further data is forthcoming. The callback is invoked with the channel as the argument.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 584
    def do_eof
      @on_eof.call(self) if @on_eof
    end

do_extended_data(type, data) click to toggle source

Invokes the on_extended_data callback when the server sends extended data to the channel. This will reduce the available window size on the local end. The callback is invoked with the channel, type, and data.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 576
    def do_extended_data(type, data)
      update_local_window_size(data.length)
      @on_extended_data.call(self, type, data) if @on_extended_data
    end

do_failure() click to toggle source

Invokes the next pending request callback with `false` as the second argument.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 596
    def do_failure
      if callback = pending_requests.shift
        callback.call(self, false)
      else
        error { "channel failure recieved with no pending request to handle it (bug?)" }
      end
    end

do_open_failed(reason_code, description) click to toggle source

Invoked when the server failed to open the channel. If an on_open_failed callback was specified, it will be invoked with the channel, reason code, and description as arguments. Otherwise, a ChannelOpenFailed exception will be raised.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 521
    def do_open_failed(reason_code, description)
      if @on_open_failed
        @on_open_failed.call(self, reason_code, description)
      else
        raise ChannelOpenFailed.new(reason_code, description)
      end
    end

do_success() click to toggle source

Invokes the next pending request callback with `true` as the second argument.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 606
    def do_success
      if callback = pending_requests.shift
        callback.call(self, true)
      else
        error { "channel success recieved with no pending request to handle it (bug?)" }
      end
    end

env(variable_name, variable_value, &block) click to toggle source

Syntactic sugar for setting an environment variable in the remote process' environment. Note that for security reasons, the server may refuse to set certain environment variables, or all, at the server's discretion. If you are connecting to an OpenSSH server, you will need to update the AcceptEnv setting in the sshd_config to include the environment variables you want to send.

    channel.env "PATH", "/usr/local/bin"

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 187
    def env(variable_name, variable_value, &block)
      send_channel_request("env", :string, variable_name, :string, variable_value, &block)
    end

eof!() click to toggle source

Tells the remote end of the channel that no more data is forthcoming from this end of the channel. The remote end may still send data. The CHANNEL_EOF packet will be sent once the output buffer is empty.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 302
    def eof!
      return if eof?
      @eof = true
    end

eof?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the local end of the channel has declared that no more data is forthcoming (see eof!). Trying to send data via send_data when this is true will result in an exception being raised.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 295
    def eof?
      @eof
    end

exec(command, &block) click to toggle source

Syntactic sugar for executing a command. Sends a channel request asking that the given command be invoked. If the block is given, it will be called when the server responds. The first parameter will be the channel, and the second will be true or false, indicating whether the request succeeded or not. In this case, success means that the command is being executed, not that it has completed, and failure means that the command altogether failed to be executed.

    channel.exec "ls -l /home" do |ch, success|
      if success
        puts "command has begun executing..."
        # this is a good place to hang callbacks like #on_data...
      else
        puts "alas! the command could not be invoked!"
      end
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 158
    def exec(command, &block)
      send_channel_request("exec", :string, command, &block)
    end

on_close(&block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked when the server acknowledges that a channel is closed. This is invoked with the channel as the sole argument.

    channel.on_close do |ch|
      puts "remote end is closing!"
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 383
    def on_close(&block)
      old, @on_close = @on_close, block
      old
    end

on_data(&block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked when data packets are received by the channel. The callback is called with the channel as the first argument, and the data as the second.

    channel.on_data do |ch, data|
      puts "got data: #{data.inspect}"
    end

Data received this way is typically the data written by the remote process to its `stdout` stream.

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 330
    def on_data(&block)
      old, @on_data = @on_data, block
      old
    end

on_eof(&block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked when the server indicates that no more data will be sent to the channel (although the channel can still send data to the server). The channel is the sole argument to the callback.

    channel.on_eof do |ch|
      puts "remote end is done sending data"
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 395
    def on_eof(&block)
      old, @on_eof = @on_eof, block
      old
    end

on_extended_data(&block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked when extended data packets are received by the channel. The callback is called with the channel as the first argument, the data type (as an integer) as the second, and the data as the third. Extended data is almost exclusively used to send `stderr` data (`type` == 1). Other extended data types are not defined by the SSH protocol.

    channel.on_extended_data do |ch, type, data|
      puts "got stderr: #{data.inspect}"
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 345
    def on_extended_data(&block)
      old, @on_extended_data = @on_extended_data, block
      old
    end

on_open_failed(&block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked when the server was unable to open the requested channel. The channel itself will be passed to the block, along with the integer "reason code" for the failure, and a textual description of the failure from the server.

    channel = session.open_channel do |ch|
      # ..
    end

    channel.on_open_failed { |ch, code, desc| ... }

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 410
    def on_open_failed(&block)
      old, @on_open_failed = @on_open_failed, block
      old
    end

on_process(&block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked for each pass of the event loop for this channel. There are no guarantees on timeliness in the event loop, but it will be called roughly once for each packet received by the connection (not the channel). This callback is invoked with the channel as the sole argument.

Here's an example that accumulates the channel data into a variable on the channel itself, and displays individual lines in the input one at a time when the channel is processed:

    channel[:data] = ""

    channel.on_data do |ch, data|
      channel[:data] << data
    end

    channel.on_process do |ch|
      if channel[:data] =~ /^.*?\n/
        puts $&
        channel[:data] = $'
      end
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 372
    def on_process(&block)
      old, @on_process = @on_process, block
      old
    end

on_request(type, &block) click to toggle source

Registers a callback to be invoked when a channel request of the given type is received. The callback will receive the channel as the first argument, and the associated (unparsed) data as the second. The data will be a Net::SSH::Buffer that you will need to parse, yourself, according to the kind of request you are watching.

By default, if the request wants a reply, Net::SSH will send a CHANNEL_SUCCESS response for any request that was handled by a registered callback, and CHANNEL_FAILURE for any that wasn't, but if you want your registered callback to result in a CHANNEL_FAILURE response, just raise Net::SSH::ChannelRequestFailed.

Some common channel requests that your programs might want to listen for are:

- "exit-status" : the exit status of the remote process will be reported as a long integer in the data buffer, which you can grab via data.read_long.

- "exit-signal" : if the remote process died as a result of a signal being sent to it, the signal will be reported as a string in the data, via data.read_string. (Not all SSH servers support this channel request type.)

      channel.on_request "exit-status" do |ch, data|
        puts "process terminated with exit status: #{data.read_long}"
      end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 441
    def on_request(type, &block)
      old, @on_request[type] = @on_request[type], block
      old
    end

process() click to toggle source

If an on_process handler has been set up, this will cause it to be invoked (passing the channel itself as an argument). It also causes all pending output to be enqueued as CHANNEL_DATA packets (see enqueue_pending_output).

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 310
    def process
      @on_process.call(self) if @on_process
      enqueue_pending_output

      if @eof and not @sent_eof and output.empty? and remote_id
        connection.send_message(Buffer.from(:byte, CHANNEL_EOF, :long, remote_id))
        @sent_eof = true
      end
    end

request_pty(opts={}, &block) click to toggle source

Requests that a pseudo-tty (or "pty") be made available for this channel. This is useful when you want to invoke and interact with some kind of screen-based program (e.g., vim, or some menuing system).

Note, that without a pty some programs (e.g. sudo, or subversion) on some systems, will not be able to run interactively, and will error instead of prompt if they ever need some user interaction.

Note, too, that when a pty is requested, user's shell configuration scripts (.bashrc and such) are not run by default, whereas they are run when a pty is not present.

    channel.request_pty do |ch, success|
      if success
        puts "pty successfully obtained"
      else
        puts "could not obtain pty"
      end
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 218
    def request_pty(opts={}, &block)
      extra = opts.keys - VALID_PTY_OPTIONS.keys
      raise ArgumentError, "invalid option(s) to request_pty: #{extra.inspect}" if extra.any?

      opts = VALID_PTY_OPTIONS.merge(opts)

      modes = opts[:modes].inject(Buffer.new) do |memo, (mode, data)|
        memo.write_byte(mode).write_long(data)
      end
      # mark the end of the mode opcode list with a 0 byte
      modes.write_byte(0)

      send_channel_request("pty-req", :string, opts[:term],
        :long, opts[:chars_wide], :long, opts[:chars_high],
        :long, opts[:pixels_wide], :long, opts[:pixels_high],
        :string, modes.to_s, &block)
    end

send_channel_request(request_name, *data, &callback) click to toggle source

Sends a new channel request with the given name. The extra `data` parameter must either be empty, or consist of an even number of arguments. See Net::SSH::Buffer.from for a description of their format. If a block is given, it is registered as a callback for a pending request, and the packet will be flagged so that the server knows a reply is required. If no block is given, the server will send no response to this request. Responses, where required, will cause the callback to be invoked with the channel as the first argument, and either true or false as the second, depending on whether the request succeeded or not. The meaning of "success" and "failure" in this context is dependent on the specific request that was sent.

    channel.send_channel_request "shell" do |ch, success|
      if success
        puts "user shell started successfully"
      else
        puts "could not start user shell"
      end
    end

Most channel requests you'll want to send are already wrapped in more convenient helper methods (see exec and subsystem).

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 468
    def send_channel_request(request_name, *data, &callback)
      info { "sending channel request #{request_name.inspect}" }
      msg = Buffer.from(:byte, CHANNEL_REQUEST,
        :long, remote_id, :string, request_name,
        :bool, !callback.nil?, *data)
      connection.send_message(msg)
      pending_requests << callback if callback
    end

send_data(data) click to toggle source

Sends data to the channel's remote endpoint. This usually has the effect of sending the given string to the remote process' stdin stream. Note that it does not immediately send the data across the channel, but instead merely appends the given data to the channel's output buffer, preparatory to being packaged up and sent out the next time the connection is accepting data. (A connection might not be accepting data if, for instance, it has filled its data window and has not yet been resized by the remote end-point.)

This will raise an exception if the channel has previously declared that no more data will be sent (see eof!).

    channel.send_data("the password\n")

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 249
    def send_data(data)
      raise EOFError, "cannot send data if channel has declared eof" if eof?
      output.append(data.to_s)
    end

subsystem(subsystem, &block) click to toggle source

Syntactic sugar for requesting that a subsystem be started. Subsystems are a way for other protocols (like SFTP) to be run, using SSH as the transport. Generally, you'll never need to call this directly unless you are the implementor of something that consumes an SSH subsystem, like SFTP.

    channel.subsystem("sftp") do |ch, success|
      if success
        puts "subsystem successfully started"
      else
        puts "subsystem could not be started"
      end
    end

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 175
    def subsystem(subsystem, &block)
      send_channel_request("subsystem", :string, subsystem, &block)
    end

wait() click to toggle source

Runs the SSH event loop until the channel is no longer active. This is handy for blocking while you wait for some channel to finish.

    channel.exec("grep ...") { ... }
    channel.wait

    # File lib/net/ssh/connection/channel.rb, line 268
    def wait
      connection.loop { active? }
    end

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